The History of the Renaissance World (117 page)

13. Froissart (1901), vol. 1, p. 39; Froissart (1978), pp. 90–91.

14. Froissart (1978), pp. 94–95.

15.
The Chronicle of Lanercost
, p. 342.

16. Michael Jones, pp. 548, 551–552.

17. Froissart (1978), p. 111.

Chapter Seventy-Two
The End of the World

1. Franke and Twitchett, pp. 561; Lorge, p. 94.

2. Susan Scott and Christopher Duncan,
Biology of Plagues
(2001), p. 82; Kelly, p. 8.

3. Kelly, pp. 4–5; Philip Ziegler,
The Black Death
(1997), pp. 3–4; H. A. R. Gibb, trans. and ed.,
The Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325–1354
, vol. 3 (1971), p. 717; Dunn, p. 245.

4. John Aberth,
The Black Death
(2005), pp. 17–18.

5. Ole Jorgen Benedictow,
The Black Death, 1346–1353
(2004), p. 60; Rosemary Horrox, trans. and ed.,
The Black Death
(1994), p. 17.

6. Scott and Duncan, pp. 62–63; Aberth,
The Black Death
, p. 30.

7. Aberth,
The Black Death
, p. 29.

8. Horrox, pp. 24–25; Aberth,
The Black Death
, p. 33.

9. Quoted in Merry E. Wiesner et al.,
Discovering the Global Past
, vol. 1 (2012), p. 389.

10. Ziegler, p. 46; Horrox, pp. 33, 43.

11. Kelly, p. 186; Horrox, pp. 80, 82–84.

12. Raymond, pp. 139–140.

13. Aberth,
The Black Death
, p. 81.

14. Benedictow, p. 214

15. Horrox, p. 80.

16. Quoted in David Herlihy,
The Black Death and the Transformation of the West
(1997), p. 41.

17. Horrox, pp. 118, 122, 159; Herlihy, p. 65.

18. Horrox, pp. 248–249.

Chapter Seventy-Three
The Will to War

1. Froissart (1901), vol. 1, pp. 50–51.

2. Lawrence Earp,
Guillaume de Machaut
(1995), pp. 34–35; Jonathan Sumption,
The Hundred Years War
, vol. 2 (1999), p. 107.

3. Sumption, vol. 2, p. 133.

4. Ibid., p. 198.

5. Ibid., pp. 205–206.

6. Ibid., pp. 208–209.

7. Herbert James Hewitt,
The Black Prince’s Expedition of 1355–1357
(1958), pp. 3–4, 64ff.

8. Jervis, pp. 210–211; Gray, pp. 121–124; Hewitt, pp. 101, 126ff.

9. Gray, p. 125.

10. Froissart (1901), vol. 1, pp. 231–323.

11. Nicholas Wright,
Knights and Peasants
(1998), p. 56.

12. Froissart (1839), p. 240; de Vericour, “The Jacquerie,”
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
1 (1872): 187–290, 304; Wright, p. 13.

13. Jervis, pp. 214–215.

14. Ibid.

15.
Chronicon Anonymi Cantuariensis
, ed. and trans. Charity Scott-Stokes and Chris Given-Wilson (2008), p. 133.

16. Froissart (1901), vol. 1, pp. 79, 83; Christine de Pisan,
Fais et Bonnes Meurs du Sage Roy Charles
(1819), pt. 2, chap. 4.

17. Jean Froissart,
Chronicles of England, France, Spain, and the Adjoining Countries
, trans. Thomas Johnes, vol. 1 (1839), p. 314.

18. Froissart (1901), vol. 1, p. 91.

19.
Chronicon Anonymi Cantuariensis
, p. 149; Froissart (1901), vol. 1, p. 93.

20. Froissart (1901), vol. 1, p. 113.

21. David Nicolle,
The Great Chevauchée
(2001), pp. 10–11; Froissart (1901), vol. 1, p. 123.

Chapter Seventy-Four
White Lotus, Red Turban

1. Hubert Seiwert,
Popular Religious Movements and Heterodox Sects in Chinese History
(2003), pp. 179–180; B. J. Ter Haar,
The White Lotus Teachings in Chinese Religious History
(1999),
pp. 115–116.

2. Harold Miles Tanner, p. 272.

3. Ibid., p. 273.

4. Frederick W. Mote and Denis Twitchett, eds.,
The Cambridge History of China
, vol. 7, pt. 1 (1988), pp. 37–38; Haar, pp. 115–116.

5. Mote and Twichett, pp. 19–20.

6. Franke and Twitchett, p. 580; Edward L. Dreyer,
Early Ming China
(1982), pp. 24–25.

7. Mote and Twitchett, pp. 37–38.

8. Stephen Turnbull,
Fighting Ships of the Far East
, vol. 1 (2002), pp. 37–38.

9. Mote and Twitchett, pp. 96–98.

10. Henry Miles Tanner, pp. 287–288.

11. Mote, pp. 570–572.

12. Edward Luttwak,
The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire
(2009), pp. 169–170.

13. Henry Miles Tanner, p. 286; Gernet, pp. 397–398; Kangying Li,
The Ming Maritime Trade Policy in Transition, 1368–1567
(2010), pp. 29–30.

14. Li, p. 40.

Chapter Seventy-Five
After the Mongols

1. Higham, p. 139.

2. David K. Wyatt,
Thailand
, 2nd ed. (2003), p. 54.

3. Ooi, p. 192; Wyatt, p. 54.

4. Timothy D. Hoare,
Thailand
(2004), pp. 31–32.

5. Tarling, p. 163; Wyatt, pp. 56–57.

6. Hoare, p. 33.

7. Charles F. Keyes,
The Golden Peninsula
(1995), pp. 75–76.

8. Coedès,
The Making of South East Asia
, p. 205.

9. Chapuis, p. 91.

10. Sun Laichen, “Chinese Military Technology and Dai Viet,” ARI Working Paper, no. 11 (2003), p. 4, available at http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs/wps/wps03_011.pdf.

11. Ibid., pp. 5–6.

12. Andrew Hardy et al., eds.,
Champa and the Archaeology of My Son
(2009), p. 67

13. Coedès,
The Making of South East Asia
, p. 206.

Chapter Seventy-Six
The Turks and the Desperate Emperor

1. Norwich,
Byzantium
, p. 309.

2. Ibid., p. 318; Nicol,
The Last Centuries of Byzantium
, p. 238.

3. Caroline Finkel,
Osman’s Dream
(2005), p. 16; Nicol,
The Last Centuries of Byzantium
, p. 241; George Finlay,
History of the Byzantine and Greek Empires
, vol. 2 (1854), p. 562.

4. Nicol,
The Last Centuries of Byzantium
, pp. 241–242.

5. Norwich,
Byzantium
, pp. 320–321.

6. Donald M. Nicol,
The Reluctant Emperor
(1996), p. 130.

7. Nicol,
The Last Centuries of Byzantium
, pp. 245–246; Norwich,
Byzantium
, pp. 322–323.

8. Fine, pp. 334–335.

9. Diana Wood,
Clement VI
(1989), p. 120; Norwich,
Byzantium
, pp. 326–327; Nicol,
The Last Days of Byzantium
, pp. 260–261.

10. Theodore Spandounes,
On the Origin of the Ottoman Emperors
, trans. and ed. Donald M. Nicol (1997), p. 21.

11. Finkel, pp. 17–18; Michael Jones, pp. 849–850.

12. Milman, vol. 7, p. 209.

13. Ibid., p. 215.

14. Nicol,
The Last Centuries of Byzantium
, pp. 272–273.

15. Norwich,
Byzantium
, pp. 334–335; Nicol,
The Last Centuries of Byzantium
; Michael Jones,
p. 823
; Finlay, p. 579.

16. Finkel, p. 18.

Chapter Seventy-Seven
The Disintegration of Delhi

1. Shams-i Siraj, p. 287.

2. Ibid., pp. 289–290.

3. Jamil M. Abun-Nasr,
Muslim Communities of Grace
(2007), pp. 48–51.

4. Quoted in Gustave E. von Grunebaum,
Medieval Islam
, 2nd ed. (1953), pp. 138–139.

5. Eaton,
The Rise of Islam
, pp. 85–86.

6. Kumar, p. 288.

7. Wolpert, p. 117.

8. Brenda J. Buchanan, ed.,
Gunpowder, Explosives and the State
(2006), pp. 54–55.

9. George Michell and Mark Zebrowski, eds.,
The New Cambridge History of India: I.7
(2008), p. 7; Kulke and Rothermund, p. 170.

10. Chelvadurai Manogaran,
Ethnic Conflict and Reconciliation in Sri Lanka
(1987), pp. 26–27; Ibn Battuta, pp. 185–188; Codrington, pp. 83–84.

11. Firoz Shah, “Futuhat-i Firoz Shahi,” in
The History of India As Told by Its Own Historians
, ed.
H. M.
Elliot and John Dowson, vol. 3 (1871), pp. 375–376.

12. Shams-i Siraj, pp. 344ff.

13. Ibid., p. 317; Wolpert, p. 119; Kumar, p. 7.

Chapter Seventy-Eight
The Union of Krewo

1. Norman Davies,
God’s Playground
, rev. ed., vol. 1 (2005), p. 82.

2. Ibid., pp. 77–78; F. W. Carter,
Trade and Urban Development in Poland
(1994), p. 154.

3. Frank N. Magill,
Great Lives from History: Ancient and Medieval Series
, vol. 1 (1988), p. 410.

4. Norman Davies, p. 84.

5. Natalia Nowakowska,
Church, State and Dynasty in Renaissance Poland
(2007), pp. 14–15; Norman Davies, pp. 89–90.

6. Sugar, p. 54.

7. Molnár, pp. 54–55.

8. Giedrė Mickünaitė,
Making a Great Ruler
(2006), pp. 125–126; Daniel Stone,
The Polish-
Lithuanian
State, 1386–1795
, vol. 4 (2001), p. 8; Andrzej Piotrowski,
Architecture of Thought
(2011), p. 288.

9. Stone, p. 8.

Chapter Seventy-Nine
The Rebirth of the Mongol Horde

1. Clifford E. Bosworth and Muhamed S. Asimov,
History of Civilizations of Central Asia
, vol. 4, pt. 2 (2000), p. 321

2. Peter Jackson,
The Mongols and the West
, p. 235; Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat,
The Tarikh-i-Rashidi
(1895), pp. 30–31.

3. Abu Talib Hussyny,
The Mulfuzat Timury
, trans. Charles Stewart (1830), p. 36. Although the biography is written in the style of an autobiography, it dates from after Timur’s death.

4. Haidar, p. 34.

5. Justin Marozzi,
Tamerlane
(2006), p. 98.

6. Haidar, p. 34.

7. Bosworth and Asimov, p. 327.

8.
Zafar Nama
, quoted in Haidar, p. 39; Peter Jackson and Laurence Lockhart, eds.,
The Cambridge History of Iran
, vol. 6 (1986), pp. 50–51; Marozzi, pp. 96–97.

9. Janet Martin, p. 202.

10. Saunders, pp. 166–167.

11.
Beiträge zur “7. Internationalen Konferenz zur Geschichte des Kiever und des Moskauer Reiches”
(1995), pp. 268–269.

12. Levi and Sela, p. 171.

13. Sunil K. Saxena,
History of Medieval India
(2001), n.p.

14. Ibid.

15. N. Jayapalan,
History of India
(2001), pp. 50–51.

Chapter Eighty
Compromises and Settlements

1. Nahm, p. 92.

2. David M. Robinson,
Empire’s Twilight
(2009), pp. 107–108.

3. Kang, p. 167.

4. Ibid., pp. 167–168.

5. Ibid., p. 169.

6. Ibid., pp. 168–169.

7. Ki-baik Lee, pp. 163–164.

8. Kang, pp. 178–180.

9. Kim Dae-haeng,
Classical Poetic Songs of Korea
(2009), pp. 68–69; Changbom Park,
Astronomy
, trans. Yoon-jung Cho and Hyun-ju Park (2008), pp. 116–118.

10. Thomas Donald Conlan,
From Sovereign to Symbol
(2011), pp. 173–174.

11. Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais, p. 207.

12. Conlan, pp. 170–171.

Chapter Eighty-One
The House of Visconti and the Papal States

1. Michael Jones, p. 553; Richard Lodge,
The Close of the Middle Ages, 1272–1494
(1906),
pp. 185–186.

2. D. M. Bueno de Mesquita,
Giangaleazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan (1351–1402
) (1941), pp. 1–2.

3. Sismondi, pp. 156–159;
The History of St. Catherine of Siena and Her Companions
, 3rd ed., vol. 1(1899), pp. 279–280.

4. George L. Williams,
Papal Genealogy
(1998), p. 34; Oscar Browning,
Guelphs & Ghibellines
(1893), pp. 149–150.

5. Denis Michael Searby, trans.,
The Revelations of St. Birgitta of Sweden
, vol. 2 (2008), p. 249.

6. Sismondi, pp. 159–160.

7. William Caferro,
John Hawkwood
(2006), n.p.; Sismondi, pp. 160–161.

8. Creighton, vol. 1, p. 67.

9. Froissart (1901), vol. 1, pp. 165–166.

10. Sismondi, pp. 162–163; Froissart (1901), vol. 1, p. 165.

11. Sismondi, p. 177.

12. Ibid., pp. 188–193.

Chapter Eighty-Two
Bad Beginnings

1. Froissart (1901), vol. 1, pp. 134–135.

2. Ibid., p. 135; Alan R. Rushton,
Royal Maladies
(2008), pp. 188–189.

3. Hooper and Bennett, p. 122.

4. Rushton, p. 87; Froissart (1901), vol. 1, pp. 148–149; Thomas Walsingham,
The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham, 1376–1422
, trans. David Preest(2005), pp. 32–33.

5. Walsingham, p. 39.

6. Creighton, vol. 1, pp. 85–89.

7. Duby, p. 286; Froissart (1901), vol. 1, pp. 232–233.

8. George M. Bussey, Thomas Gaspey, and Théodose Burette,
A History of France and of the French People
(1850), pp. 564–565; Froissart (1901), vol. 1, pp. 258–261.

9. Jervis, p. 226; Froissart (1901), vol. 1, pp. 264–266.

10. J. S. Hamilton,
The Plantagenets
(2010), p. 184; Walsingham, p. 44.

11. Hamilton, pp. 185–186; Mark O’Brien,
When Adam Delved and Eve Span
(2004), pp. 30–31.

12. O’Brien, p. 30.

13. Walsingham, p. 29; Ian Christopher Levy, ed.,
A Companion to John Wyclif, Late Medieval Theologian
(2006), pp. 330ff.

14. Leonard W. Cowie,
The Black Death and Peasants’ Revolt
(1972), pp. 79–80.

15. O’Brien, pp. 36–37; Anthony Goodman,
A History of England from Edward II to James I
(1977); Charles Oman,
The Great Revolt of 1381
(1906), pp. 180–181.

16. Walsingham, p. 124; O’Brien, pp. 36–37.

17. Walsingham, pp. 126–127.

18. O’Brien, pp. 60–61; Goodman, pp. 181–182; Hamilton, p. 189.

19. Adam Usk,
The Chronicle of Adam Usk
, trans. C. Given-Wilson (1997), p. 5.

20. Walsingham, p. 153.

Chapter Eighty-Three
Dislocation

1. Niane and Ki-Zerbo, p. 100.

2. Ibid., pp. 99–100.