The History of White People (54 page)

19
Ibid., 47.

20
Ibid., 104.

21
Ibid., 43–44, 199; James Axtell, “The White Indians of Colonial America,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, 3rd ser., 32, no. 1 (Jan. 1975): 57, 64.

22
Smith,
Essay on the Causes of the Variety
, 163.

23
For sustained analysis, see Mia Bay,
The White Image in the Black Mind: African-American Ideas about White People, 1830–1925
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).

24
David Walker’s Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World
, ed. Peter P. Hinks (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002), xxxi–xxxii, 9–10, 19, 27, 58.

25
Bay,
White Image in the Black Mind
, 32–36.

26
David Walker’s Appeal
, 9, 33, 65.

27
Ibid., 12, 14.

28
Ibid., xv–xl.

29
Ibid., xli–xlii.

30
See Bay,
White Image in the Black Mind
, 46–50, and George R. Price and James Brewer Stewart, “The Roberts Case, the Easton Family, and the Dynamics of the Abolitionist Movement in Massachusetts, 1776–1870,”
Massachusetts Historical Review
4 (2002):
The History Cooperative
, 89–116.

31
George R. Price and James Brewer Stewart, eds.,
To Heal the Scourge of Prejudice: The Life and Writings of Hosea Easton
(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999), 71, 74, 80–81.

32
Du système pénitentiaire aux Etats-Unis, et de son application en France; suivi d’un appendice sur les colonies pénales et de notes statistiques. Par MM. G. de Beaumont et A. de Tocqueville
(Paris: H. Fournier jeune, 1833).

33
Alexis de Tocqueville,
Democracy in America and Two Essays on America
, trans. Gerald E. Bevan, ed. Isaac Kramnick (New York: Penguin Classic, 2003), 479, 4.

34
Ibid., 440–41.

35
Ibid., 408, 426.

36
Ibid., 420.

37
Ibid., 412, 720, 742.

38
Ibid., 406–8.

39
See Margaret Kohn, “The Other America: Tocqueville and Beaumont on Race and Slavery,”
Polity
35, no. 1 (Fall 2002): 170, esp. note 3, and Thomas Bender, “Introduction,”
Democracy in America
(New York: Modern Library, 1981), xliii.

40
Gustave de Beaumont,
Marie, or Slavery in the United States
(1835), trans. Barbara Chapman (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1958), 5. See also Nell Irvin Painter, “Was Marie White?: The Trajectory of a Question in the United States,”
Journal of Southern History
74, no. 1 (Feb. 2008): 3–30.

41
Beaumont,
Marie
, 13, 15.

CHAPTER 9: THE FIRST ALIEN WAVE

1
See Kerby A. Miller, “‘Scotch-Irish’ Myths and ‘Irish’ Identities in Eighteenth-and Nineteenth-Century America,” in
New Perspectives on the Irish Diaspora
, ed. Charles Fanning (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2000), 76–79, and Kerby A. Miller and Bruce D. Boling, “The New England and Federalist Origins of ‘Scotch-Irish’ Identity,” in
Ulster and Scotland, 1600–2000: History, Language and Identity
, ed. William Kelly and John R. Young (Dublin: Four Courts, 2004), 105, 114–18.

2
Catholic Encyclopedia
, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08677a.htm.

3
Alexis de Tocqueville’s Journey in Ireland: July–August, 1835
, ed. and trans. Emmet Larkin (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1990), 2.

4
From Gustave de Beaumont,
Ireland: Social, Political and Religious
(1839), http://www.swan.ac.uk/history/teaching/teaching%20resources/An%20Gorta%20Mor/travellers/beaumont.htm.

5
See David Nally, “‘Eternity’s Commissioner’: Thomas Carlyle, the Great Irish Famine and the Geopolitics of Travel,”
Journal of Historical Geography
32, no. 2 (April 2006): 313–35.

6
Thomas Carlyle, “The Present Time,” http://cepa.newschool.edu/ het/texts/carlyle/latter1.htm.

7
Thomas Carlyle,
Occasional Discourse on the Nigger Question
(1853), http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/ texts/carlyle/odnqbk.htm.

8
See Peter Gray,
Victoria’s Irish: Irishness and Britishness, 1837–1901
(2004), and Robert Knox,
The Races of Men: A Philosophical Enquiry into the Influence of Race over the Destinies of Nations
(1862) [this is the 2nd edition of
Races of Men: A Fragment
, published in 1850], in
Race: The Origins of an Idea, 1760–1850
, ed. Hannah Franziska Augstein (Bristol, UK: Thoemmes Press, 1996), 253.

9
Samuel F. B. Morse,
Imminent Dangers to the Free Institutions of the United States
(1835), http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/ archive/resources/documents/ ch12_04.htm.

10
Ray Allen Billington,
The Protestant Crusade, 1800–1860: A Study of the Origins of American Nativism
(originally published 1938) (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1964), 122–27; Bruce Levine, “Conservatism, Nativism, and Slavery: Thomas R. Whitney and the Origins of the Know-Nothing Party,”
Journal of American History
88, no. 2 (Sept. 2001): 470.

11
St. Joseph Messenger Online
: http://www.aquinas-multimedia.com/stjoseph/knownothings.html.

12
Marie Anne Pagliarini, “The Pure American Woman and the Wicked Catholic Priest: An Analysis of Anti-Catholic Literature in Antebellum America,”
Religion and American Culture
9, no. 1 (Winter 1999): 99.

13
Billington,
Protestant Crusade
, 99–104, 107–8. Monk’s confession first appeared serially in New York City’s
Protestant Vindicator
in 1835. See Rebecca Sullivan, “A Wayward from the Wilderness: Maria Monk’s
Awful Disclosures
and the Feminization of Lower Canada in the Nineteenth Century,”
Essays on Canadian Writing
62 (Fall 1997): 201–23.

14
See Susan M. Griffin,
Anti-Catholicism and Nineteenth-Century Fiction
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004).

15
Michael D. Pierson, “‘All Southern Society Is Assailed by the Foulest Charges’: Charles Sumner’s ‘The Crime against Kansas’ and the Escalation of Republican Anti-Slavery Rhetoric,”
New England Quarterly
68, no. 4 (Dec. 1995): 533, 537, 545.

16
Pagliarini, “The Pure American Woman,” 97.

17
Campbell J. Gibson and Emily Lennon, “Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-Born Population of the United States: 1850–1990,” U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C., Feb. 1999, Population Division Working Paper no. 29, http://www.census.gov/ population/www/ documentation/twps0029/ twps0029.html. Included among the immigrants were 1,135 Asians, 3,679 Italians, 13,317 Mexicans, and 147,711 Canadians. In 1850 the foreign-born population represented 9.7 percent of the total population. See also
Historical Statistics of the United States
, part 1, 1975: 106–7.

18
Kathleen Neils Conzen, “Germans,” in
Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups
, ed. Stephan Thernstrom (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980), 406–12; Library of Congress, European Reading Room, “The Germans in America,” http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/germchro.html. Rough estimates put German immigrants at one-third Catholic and the other two-thirds predominantly Lutheran and Reformed. Comparatively small in numbers were German Methodists, Baptists, Unitarians, Pietists, Jews, and Freethinkers. “The German Americans: An Ethnic Experience,” http://www.ulib.iupui.edu/kade/adams/chap6.html.

19
In Sir Richard Steele,
Poetical Miscellanies, Consisting of Original Poems and Translations
(London, 1714), 201;
Oxford English Dictionary Online
.

20
Journal F No. I (1829?), pp. 113–14, in
The Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks of Ralph Waldo Emerson
, (hereafter
JMNRWE
) vol. 12,
1835–1862
, ed. Linda Allardt (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976), 152, and Journal GO (1952), p. 233, in
JMNRWE
, vol. 13,
1852–1855
, ed. Ralph H. Orth and Alfred R. Ferguson (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977), 112.

21
Journal TU (1849), p. 171, in
JMNRWE
, vol. 11,
1848–1851
, ed. A. W. Plumstead, William H. Gilman, and Ruth H. Bennett (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975), 148.

22
Journal GO (1852), p. 105, in
JMNRWE
, vol. 13, 77.

23
In Frank Shuffelton,
A Mixed Race: Ethnicity in Early America
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 181.

24
Edward B. Rugemer, “The Southern Response to British Abolitionism: The Maturation of Proslavery Apologetics,”
Journal of Southern History
70, no. 2 (May 2004): 221.

25
For the electronic edition of
Cannibals All!
, go to
Documenting the American South
, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, http://docsouth.unc.edu/fitzhughcan/fitzcan.html#fitzix.

26
Douglass quoted in Patricia Ferreira, “All but ‘A Black Skin and Wooly Hair’: Frederick Douglass’s Witness of the Irish Famine,”
American Studies International
37, no. 2 (June 1999): 69–83.

27
O’Connell quoted in Gilbert Osofsky, “Abolitionists, Irish Immigrants, and the Dilemmas of Romantic Nationalism,”
American Historical Review
80, no. 4 (Oct. 1975): 892.

28
Ernest Renan,
Poetry of the Celtic Races, VI
, in Literary and Philosophical Essays, the Harvard Classics, 1909–14, http://www.bartleby.com/32/307.html.

29
Matthew Arnold,
On the Study of Celtic Literature
.
Complete Prose Works
, vol. 3, ed. R. H. Super (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1960), 291–395.