The Holocaust (142 page)
Authors: Martin Gilbert
Austria: Jews find refuge in,
1
; annexed by Germany (1938),
2
; Jews forced to return to (1938),
3
; becomes a German province (1939),
4
; refugees from, in Denmark,
5
; refugees from, in Holland,
6
; and the
Patria
tragedy,
7
; deportees from (1941),
8
; refugees from, in Yugoslavia (1941),
9
; Jews from, deported to Riga (1942),
10
; further deportations planned from (1942),
11
; fate of Jews from, at Sobibor (1942),
12
; Jews from, at a labour camp on the River Bug,
13
; deportees from, sent from Theresienstadt to Auschwitz,
14
; refugees from, in Denmark,
15
; a naval Captain from, helps Jews,
16
; Jews from, rescued from Yugoslavia,
17
; a death march through,
18
; Jews from Budapest driven towards,
19
,
20
; days of liberation in (1945),
21
Aviel, Avraham: and a massacre,
1
; and a further massacre,
2
Babi Yar (Kiev): massacre at (September 1941),
1
; corpses dug up and burned at (August–September 1943),
2
; a memorial gathering at (September 1944),
3
; becomes a meeting place,
4
; two tragic disasters at (1961),
5
Babiacki, Schlomo: at Chelmno,
1
Babikier, Nochum: recalls a deportation,
1
Bachi, Armando: gassed (1943),
1
Baden: Jews deported from (1940),
1
Baden Baden:
Kristallnacht
in (1938),
1
; Jews escape near (1945),
2
Baer, Kurt: leads attack on Jews (1934),
1
; kills four Jews (1934),
2
Baja: deportation of Jews from (1944),
1
Bakon, Yehuda: and the deceptions at Auschwitz,
1
; and a death march from Monowitz,
2
; and conditions in Mauthausen,
3
; ‘I will tell the world’,
4
Baldwin Fund, the (for refugees):
1
Balfour Declaration (of 1917): deportations on anniversary of (1942),
1
Balta: resistance near,
1
Baltic Sea: massacre at shore of,
1
Baltoji—Volke camp: flight, and reprisals,
1
Bamberg: Jews deported from (1942),
1
Bandet, Matilda: ‘My place is with my parents’,
1
Banska Bystrica: Jews in liberation of,
1
Baptism: no protection on the road to Chelmno,
1
Baranowicze: and an ‘instinct’ for the ‘Jewish problem’ (1941),
1
; mass murder at (1942),
2
; and a train deception at Treblinka,
3
; a Jew from, enters Berlin (May 1945),
4
Barasz, Ephraim: and plans to ‘protect’ his ghetto,
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
; and the final deportation,
6
‘Barbarossa’: launched (22 June 1941), Barenboim, Idel: hanged (1941),
1
Barenboim, Itskhok: hanged (1941),
1
Barenboim, Moshe: hanged (1941),
1
Bari: Jews evacuated to (1944),
1
n. 1
Barlas, Chaim: reports killing of Jews in Rumania (1940),
1
Barlogi (Poland): and a deception (1941),
1
Barry (a dog): ‘a wild beast’,
1
,
2
Bartoszewski, Wladyslaw: ‘Their names are not known’,
1
Barzilai, Chief Rabbi Ilia (of Athens): escapes,
1
Bas, Rosette: dies, after liberation (1945),
1
Basch, Professor Victor: executed with his wife (1944),
1
Basel: Hungarian Jews reach, from Belsen (1944),
1
n.
2
Bau-Prussak, Dr Salomea: killed (1942),
1
Baublis, Dr Petras: saves Jews,
1
Bauer, Daria: deported to Auschwitz,
1
Bauer, SS Technical Sergeant: and the ‘naive Jewess’,
1
Baum, Herbert: shot (1942),
1
Baum, Ignatz: killed (1942),
1
Baum, Julia: commits suicide (1942),
1
Baum, Marianne: shot (1942),
1
Baumats, Eli: leads a resistance group,
1
Baumatz, Usiel: shot,
1
Bauminger, Roza: and ‘scenes from Dante’s Inferno’,
1
Bautzen: a death march reaches (1945),
1
Bavaria: Jews expelled from (1923),
1
; the SS in (1933),
2
; Jews denied access to holiday resorts in (1935),
3
; moments of liberation in (1945),
4
,
5
Bay, Dr Mojzesz: murdered (1943),
1
Bayonne: defiant words of the Rabbi of, before being gassed (1944),
1
Beatus, Fania: commits suicide (1943),
1
Becker, Leib: dies (1943),
1
Beckermann, Aron: shot (1941),
1
Beda, Fritz: sent to Buchenwald (1938),
1
; deported to Auschwitz (1942),
2
Beddo (a dog): at Sobibor,
1
Bedzin: Jews killed in (1939),
1
; Jews resettled in (1941),
2
; and Moses Merin,
3
; a Jewess killed in,
4
; Jews deported to Auschwitz from (1942),
5
; resistance at (1943),
6
n.
7
,
8
; the story of a girl from, told a few moments before her death (1943),
9
Beer, Jadzia: shot (1942),
1
Beethoven: played in the Lodz ghetto,
1
Behar, Maurice: killed (1942),
1
Beilin, Dr Aharon: an eye-witness of life and death at Auschwitz-Birkenau,
1
,
2
,
3
; recalls a death march,
4
; and the Jewish desire to assemble the evidence,
5
Bein, William: his report on Jews in postwar Poland (1947),
1
n.
2
Bejski, Moshe: an eye-witness of events at Plaszow,
1
; recalls a deportation from Plaszow, and its sequel,
2
Bekerman, leek: hanged (1943),
1
Belaff (a van driver): at Chelmno,
1
Belgium:
1
; Jews find refuge in,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
; occupied by Germany,
7
; anti-Jewish laws in (1940),
8
,
9
,
10
; and the ‘final solution’,
11
; Jews deported from (1942),
12
; deportations to Auschwitz from,
13
,
14
,
15
,
16
,
17
,
18
,
19
,
20
,
21
,
22
; Jews from, in a Warsaw labour camp,
23
,
24
; Jews in, active in the resistance,
25
; a Jewess from, tries ‘to make it easier’ for others at Auschwitz,
26
Belgrade: ‘You will all perish’ (1941),
1
;
Jewish homes looted,
2
; reprisals in,
3
; gas vans sent from (1942),
4
; a death march through (1944),
5
Belsen (Bergen-Belsen): Jews transferred to safety through (1943),
1
,
2
; Jews sent to Auschwitz through,
3
; Jews sent from Auschwitz to,
4
; Jews sent from labour camps to,
5
,
6
,
7
; a death train reaches,
8
; final horrors in,
9
; a death march reaches region of,
10
; British troops enter,
11
; deaths in, after liberation,
12
,
13
; the ‘stench’ at, like Dachau,
14
Belsky, Achik: defends a ‘family camp’,
1
Belsky, Asael: escapes (1941),
1
; captured, but escapes again (1942),
2
; defends a ‘family camp’,
3
; killed in action,
4
Belsky, Gershon: killed (1942),
1
Belsky, Tobias: protects Jews and attacks Germans,
1
; Jews reach,
2
Belsky, Zusl: anti-German attacks by,
1
Belzec: forced labour near (1940),
1
,
2
,
3
; a death camp established near (1942),
4
,
5
,
6
; deportations to (1942),
7
,
8
; a ‘crime’ at,
9
; its location unknown to the Jews of Lublin,
10
; details of mass murder at, known in Szczebrzeszyn,
11
,
12
; a deportation to, from Zamosc,
13
; Jews of Bilgoraj deported to,
14
; Jews of Cracow deported to,
15
; and ‘operation Reinhard’,
16
; Jews held at Ujazdow deported to,
17
; Jews from Przemysl deported to,
18
; Jews of Tarnow deported to,
19
; Jews of Szczebrzeszyn deported to,
20
; complaints of villagers at,
21
; continued deportations to,
22
,
23
,
24
,
25
,
26
,
27
,
28
,
29
.
30
,
31
,
32
,
33
; plans for further trains to,
34
; death toll in,
35
; a survivor of, murdered after liberation,
36
Ben Shemen (Palestine):
1
Ben Ya’acov, Zvi: executed (1944),
1
Ben Zimra, Isaac: shot for his part in the French resistance (1944),
1
n. 5
Ben Zvi, Gedalia: reaches Stutthof from Auschwitz,
1
Benario (a Jewish lawyer): killed in Dachau (1933),
1
Benedics, Michael: a Jew, whose descendant saved Jews,
1
Benedyktowicz, Witold: saves Jews,
1
n.
2
Beneschek (a Sudeten German): helps Jews,
1
Benjamin, Walter: commits suicide (1940),
1
Benoit, Father (Father Benedetti): saves Jews,
1
Berdichev: mass murder at (1941),
1
Beregszasz (Beregovo): recollections of a boy from, at Auschwitz-Birkenau,
1
; on a death march to Sachsenhausen,
2
; a Jewess from, too weak to survive liberation,
3
Berendt, Haim: recalls a deportation,
1
Berenstein, Liliane: her letter to God,
1
Bereza Kartuska: mass murder at (1942),
1
Berezovka: deportations to (1942),
1
Berg (Norway): Jews interned at,
1
Berg, Lena: deported from Warsaw,
1
; at Majdanek,
2
; at Auschwitz,
3
; an ‘impossible dream’ recalled,
4
,
5
; and the fate of ‘those selected to die’,
6
; recalls the camp at Neustadt-Glowen, and liberation,
7
; and events after liberation,
8
Berg, Mary: and the Jews of Warsaw,
1
; and the Jews of Lodz,
2
,
3
,
4
; returns to Warsaw,
5
; and Pearl Harbor,
6
; and the establishment of the Warsaw ghetto,
7
,
8
,
9
; and the war news (1941),
10
; and Jewish children frozen to death (1941),
11
; and the death penalty (1942),
12
; and ‘talk of mass deportation’ apparently contradicted,
13
; and the killing of bakers in Warsaw,
14
; and the execution of sixty Jews,
15
; and the execution of ten Jewish policemen,
16
; survives,
17
Bergen-Belsen:
see index entry for
Belsen
Berger, Gottlob: Himmler’s letter to,
1
,
2
n. 5
Berger, Joseph: and indignities against Jewish prisoners-of-war (1939),
1
Berger, Oscar: an escape organizer,
1
Bergman, Dr: commits suicide (1941),
1
Bergman, Professor: his son’s death (1943),
1
Bergman, Serge: murdered (1944),
1
Berkan, Hirsch: advises Jews to flee (1942),
1
Berlin: anti-Jewish actions in (1919),
1
; eight Jews killed in (1930),
2
; and the Reichstag fire (1933),
3
; Jews attacked in (1933),
4
; and the German Deaf Association,
5
; an incident in
(1935),
6
; anti-Jewish riots in (1935),
7
; renewed anti-Jewish violence in (1938),
8
,
9
; Jews evicted from (1938),
10
; and the ‘planned overall measures’ against Jews (1939),
11
; other measures ordered from (1939),
12
; Bureau IV-D-4 established in (30 January 1940),
13
; first British air raids on,
14
; anti-Jewish films shown in (1940),
15
; news reaches, of Gurs internment camp (1940),
16
; Ethnic German allies of,
17
; killing squad report to,
18
,
19
,
20
; deportations from (1941),
21
,
22
,
23
,
24
; and the possible use of poison gas (1941),
25
; and the halting of an execution,
26
; advice from (‘liquidate them yourselves’),
27
; and the Wannsee Conference (20 January 1942),
28
,
29
; a second deportation Conference held in (6 March 1942),
30
; Jews seized in (3 April 1942),
31
; the suicide of Jews from,
32
,
33
,
34
; and Jews from, deported from Lodz to Chelmo (1942),
35
; Jewish defiance in (1942),
36
; Jews arrested in,
37
; an eye-witness to mass murder on a train to,
38
; and a train deception, at Treblinka,
39
; deportations to Auschwitz from (1943),
40
,
41
; a deportation to Theresienstadt from,
42
; a death camp escapee reaches, on the day of victory,
43
; Jews helped in,
44
; skeletons sent to Anthropological Museum in (1944),
45
; and a cruel delay,
46
; Hitler dictates his political testimony in (1945),
47
; Hitler commits suicide in (30 April 1945),
48
; surrenders (2 May 1945),
49
; the Jews of, at liberation,
50
