The Holocaust (156 page)

Oster, Moshe: recalls a death march (1945),
1

Osterweil, Dr: protects his fellow Jews,
1

Osthofen Concentration Camp (near Worms):
1

Ostrovakas (at Ejszyski): and the murder of more than three thousand Jews,
1

Ostrowski, Bernard: and the realization that hope was an illusion (1942),
1

Oswiecim:
see index entry for
Auschwitz

Oszmiana: ‘rescue what you can’,
1
; massacre of Jews from (1943),
2

Otter, Baron Guran von: learns of mass murder (1942),
1

‘Otto Line’: constructed by slave labour (1940),
1

Otwock: Jews seized for forced labour (1940),
1
; Jewish orphans murdered in (1942),
2
; a deportation through,
3

Ovitch family: experiments on, at Birkenau,
1

Ozorkow: Jews deported from (1942),
1
; a Jewess in a Baltic massacre born at,
2
n.
3

Pabianice: the belongings of murdered Jews sent to,
1
,
2
; fate of a deportee from,
3

Pachter, Hirsch: witness to a deportation (1939),
1

Pacific:
refugees on (1940),
1

Pacifici, Rabbi Ricardo: killed (1943),
1

‘Padernice’: does not exist,
1

Padua: a university graduate from, betrayed,
1

Pajewski, Teodor: a Polish railway worker, helps a Jew,
1

Pajkus, Josek: executed (1941),
1
,
2
n.
3

Palanski, Avigdor: at Chelmno,
1

Palatinate, the: Jews deported from (1940),
1

Palatucci, Giovanni: helps Jews, and deported (1944),
1

Palestine: Jews exhorted to go to,
1
,
2
; Jews emigrate to (1933),
3
,
4
; further Jewish emigration to (1934),
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
9
; restrictions on Jewish emigration to (1938),
10
,
11
,
12
,
13
; and the
Patria
tragedy (1940),
14
; and the
Struma
tragedy (1942),
15
; and a certificate for,
16
; and a German deception plan,
17
,
18
,
19
,
20
,
21
,
22
; a Jewish boy in hiding, learns of,
23
; a protest about children being allowed to go to,
24
; fate of former immigrants to,
25
,
26
; and the rescue of Greek Jews,
27
; Jews from, fighting in Italy,
28
; Jews from, parachuted into occupied Europe,
29
,
30
,
31
; a letter to, from liberated Lvov,
32
; survivors reach,
33
,
34
; prisoners think of celebrations in,
35
; an account of post-liberation suffering reaches,
36
; and ‘normal people’,
37
; Jews on their way to, after liberation, murdered,
38
; a soldier from, among the British troops entering Belsen,
39
n.
40

Palestine White Paper (of 1939):
1
,
2

Palmiry woods: executions in (1940),
1

Palmnicken: a massacre at (1945),
1

Panevezys: mass murder at (1941),
1

Pankiewicz, Tadeusz: witnesses a deportation,
1

Paraguay:
1

Parasol, Fannie: leaves for Palestine (before 1939),
1

Parczew: a death march through (1940),
1
; a manhunt in the forests near (1942),
2
; hundreds killed in (1943),
3
,
4
; the Jewish partisan leader killed in (1944),
5
; the day of liberation at,
6

Paris: Petlura killed in (1926),
1
; a protest in (1933),
2
n.
3
; a German diplomat assassinated in (1938),
4
; Jews find haven in (1939),
5
; German forces approach (1940),
6
,
7
; occupied (14 June 1940),
8
; Jews shot in (15 December 1941),
9
; Jewish resistance in (1942),
10
; deportations from, to Auschwitz,
11
,
12
,
13
,
14
,
15
; a deportation to Chelm from (1943),
16
; a deportation to Kovno from (1944),
17

Passover (Jewish Festival of): Jews murdered on (1940),
1
; in the Warsaw ghetto (1941),
2
; at Jaworow (1942),
3
; in Warsaw (1943),
4
,
5
; in the Parczew forest (1943),
6
; in the sewers of Lvov (1944),
7
; at Auschwitz-Birkenau (1944),
8

Pasztejn, Sala: executed (1941),
1
,
2
n.
3

Patras: rescue of Jews in,
1

Patria:
tragedy of (1940),
1

Patt, Roman: shot (1942),
1

Pauvlavicius, Jan: saves Jews,
1

Pavel, SS Sergeant: and his ‘deputy’,
1

Pawia Street (Warsaw): the ‘daily victims’ of (1942),
1

Pawiak prison (Warsaw):
1
; the Day of Atonement in (1943),
2
; Ringelblum’s last days in (1944),
3
; women taken from, and shot,
4
; further executions at,
5
,
6

Pearl Harbor: attacked,
1

Pechersky, Alexander: leads a death camp revolt,
1

Peiting: the moment of liberation at (1945),
1

Peker, Meir: recalls fate of two escapees,
1

Peltel, Feigele (Vladka Meed): recalls incidents during the deportations from Warsaw to Treblinka (1942),
1
; and the death of an old woman in Warsaw (1942),
2
; and the Germans’ ‘first blow’ (January 1943),
3
; and the Warsaw uprising (April 1943),
4
; and the death of Abrasha Blum,
5
; and the death of seven fighters,
6
; and a Jewess in hiding,
7
; and Jews killed by Poles,
8
; seeks her father’s grave,
9

‘People of Hope’, the:
1

Perelman, Nachum: his testimony,
1
,
2
n.
3

Perelstein, Robert: dies (1943),
1

Pereshike: ghetto at,
1

Peretz, Dr Aharon: recalls events in the Kovno ghetto (1941),
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
; and the ‘children’s action’ (March 1944),
7
; and the final deportation from Kovno (June 1944),
8

Perl, Dr Gisella: an eye-witness at Auschwitz-Birkenau,
1

Perl, Micheline: gassed (1942),
1

Perl, Suzanne: gassed (1942),
1

Persians: ‘once proud’,
1

Peru:
1

Pesker, Meir: and the liberation of Ebensee (1945),
1

Pessah, Rabbi (of Volos): and the rescue of the Jews of Volos,
1

Pétain, Marshal: revokes a protective law (1940),
1
; and punitive camps in North Africa (1941),
2
; rebuked (1942),
3

Petlura, Simon:
1
; murdered (1926),
2
; his murder ‘avenged’ (1941),
3
,
4

Petrenko, Antonia: hides Jews, together with her sister Natalya,
1

Pfannenstiel, SS Lieutenant-Colonel Professor Dr Wilhelm: at Belzec,
1
,
2

Phillipson, Alfred: an appeal on behalf of,
1

Piaski: on the way to Belzec,
1
,
2
; on the way to Majdanek,
3

Piasnica: euthanasia camp at (1939),
1
, Piatigorsk: Jews of, killed (1942),
2

Piatra Neamt (Rumania): anti-Jewish actions in (1937),
1

Picasso, Pablo: the death of his godson (1944),
1

Pilica: Jews tormented and killed in (1939),
1
; Jews flee from (1942),
2
; two Poles (one a child) shot for hiding Jews (1943),
3
; Jewish Fighting Organization in,
4
n.
5

Piller, SS Master-Sergeant Walter: at Chelmno,
1

Pinsk: occupied by Soviet troops (1939),
1
; reprisals at, in the first months of German occupation (1941),
2
; mass murder in a village near (1942),
3

Piotrkow: and the coming of war (1939),
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
; a ghetto established in (1939),
5
,
6
; an outrage in (1940),
7
; forced labour from,
8
; murder of Jewish Council members from (1941),
9
; ‘might they not be spared?’,
10
; an ‘action’ in (October 1942),
11
,
12
; fate of the ‘illegals’ in (November–December 1942),
13
; a cemetery massacre in (1943),
14
; two Jews try to return to, after liberation,
15
; three Jews murdered in, after liberation,
16

Piraeus: Jewish deportees assaulted at,
1

Pisar, Samuel: recalls an underground hiding place,
1
; recalls a deportation to Majdanek,
2
; recalls the moment of his liberation,
3

Pitrowski, Meir: at Chelmno,
1
,
2
,
3

Pius XII, Pope: helps Jews in Rome,
1
; opens Vatican sanctuaries to Jews,
2
; his protest,
3

Plaszow: Jews deported to,
1
; a journey to,
2
; a ‘final day of judgement’ at,
3
; death and protection at,
4
; rescue of deportees from,
5
; liberation of a deportee from,
6
; a deportee from, returns home,
7

Plock: a deportation from (1941),
1

Plonsk: an episode in (1940),
1
; a deportation from (1942),
2

Plotnicka, Chana: killed (1943),
1

Plotnicka, Frumka: her courage,
1
,
2
; killed (1943),
3

Pochep: murder of Jews of (1942),
1

Podborodz: mass murder at (1941),
1

Podklebnik (Podchlebnik), Michael: an eyewitness to deportation,
1
; an eye-witness to mass murder,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5

Podolia:
1

Pohl, SS Lieutenant-General: and Jewish ‘wealth’,
1

Polack (a carpenter): shot (1941),
1

Polak (a pharmacist): killed (1941),
1

Polak, Josef: recalls the arrival of children at Theresienstadt,
1

Poland: ‘terrible news from’ (1918),
1
; and the Locarno Agreement (1925),
2
; anti-Semitism in (1933),
3
; Jews find refuge in (1934),
4
; pogrom in (1936),
5
; Jews of, seek refuge in Palestine (1936),
6
; anti-Jewish legislation in (1936),
7
; assaults on Jews in (1937),
8
; further anti-Jewish riots in (1938),
9
; Austrian Jews seek refuge in (1938),
10
; Jews expelled from Germany to (1938),
11
; Jews flee to, from Prague (1939),
12
; British pressure on (1939),
13
; German invasion of (1939),
14
; and the ‘planned overall measures’ against Jews in (21 September 1939),
15
; reports from, reach Geneva (1940),
16
; and the German invasion of the former eastern provinces of (June 1941),
17
; the first death camp, established by the Germans on the soil of (December 1941),
18
,
19
; and the ‘final solution’ welcomed by the General Government of,
20
; Jewish girls travel through,
21
,
22
; and the German plan for the Jews of, revealed (June 1942),
23
; the records of the destruction of Jews in, hidden for posterity (August 1942),
24
; death penalty for hiding Jews in,
25
; ‘resettlement’ in, and the Jews of Salonica,
26
; Hitler on the Jews of (April 1943),
27
; and the goods of the victims, sent to Germany from,
28
; the remaining ghettos of,
29
; and the fate of Jews in hiding in,
30
,
31
,
32
,
33
,
34
; the ‘Goebbels calendar’ in,
35
; and the fiery speech of a woman from (1943),
36
; a report from, reaches London, (1943),
37
; fate of a pre-war film star from (1944),
38
; Jews from, at Vittel (1944),
39
; soldiers from, on the Italian front,
40
; and the coming of liberation,
41
,
42
,
43
; and the ‘tainted luck’ of survival in,
44
,
45
; and the Jewish desire to ‘document the recent experiences in’,
46

Polek (from Lvov): ‘no longer among the living’,
1

‘Polish Conspiratorial Army’: kills Jews after liberation (1945),
1

Polish-Jewish relations: Emanuel Ringelblum’s summary of,
1

Polish National Army: former members of, kill Jews after liberation,
1

Polish People’s Independent Action: its leader arrested (1940),
1

Polish police (‘Blue police’): and a deportation,
1
,
2

Pollak, Karl: killed, with his wife (1944),
1

Pollak, Zonka: deported, but escapes (1942),
1

Pomerania: liberation at (1945),
1

Pommers, Leon: escapes from Warsaw (1940),
1

Ponary (Ponar, Paneriai): mass murder at,
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
; acts of defiance at,
8
; revolt at,
9
; last executions at,
10