The Holocaust (155 page)

Minsk Mazowiecki: resistance in labour camp at,
1

Mir: mass murder at (1941),
1
,
2
n.
3
; an escape from (1942),
4

Mira, Gola: her act of defiance,
1

Miroshnik, Konstantin: and the fate of the Jews of Kiev (1941),
1

Miroshnik, Leib: ‘you’ll be reckoned with’,
1

Mirteshet: and a death train (1941),
1

Mishelevski, Elisser: shot (1941),
1

Mishelevski, Lipe: shot (1941),
1

‘Mishka the Tramp’: and an escape,
1

Misocz: mass murder at (1941),
1

Miszczak, Andrzej: and Chelmno death camp,
1

Mitau: mass murder at (1941),
1

Mlawa: a deportation through (1941),
1
; Jews killed in (1942),
2

Moch (a Jew from Mannheim): in custody (1935),
1

Moennikes (a foreman): and a mass execution,
1
,
2

Mogilev: escapees from,
1
; executions in,
2

Mohsbock, Stanislaw: killed (1939),
1
,
2
n.
3

Mokka, Shlomo: escapes from Treblinka,
1

Molczadz: mass murder in (1942),
1

Moll, SS Quartermaster-Sergeant: kills children,
1

Molotov, Vyacheslav: replaced by Stalin (1941),
1

Mongolian soldiers: prisoners-of-war, volunteers, at Treblinka,
1

Mongols: Nazis compared with,
1

Monowitz: factory and labour camp at,
1
,
2
,
3
; postcards from,
4
; ‘Our death was sure’ at,
5
; last days at,
6
; a death march from,
7

Montauban, Bishop of: his protest,
1

Monte Cassino: battle of,
1

Moravia:
1
; Jews of, to be placed ‘ahead of the line’,
2
; further deportations planned from (1942),
3

Moravska Ostrava: Jews deported from (1939),
1
; a further deportation from (1943),
2

Mordowicz, Czeslaw: escapes from Auschwitz,
1
,
2
; fights in the Slovak uprising, but captured,
3

Morgen, Konrad: his affidavit,
1
,
2
n.
3

Morgenstern, Serna: killed (1941),
1

Morocco: Jews of,
1

Morocco, Rabbi Abraham: killed (1939),
1

Moscow: Jews travel through (1940),
1
,
2
; Hitler expected to conquer (1941),
3
; Germans approaching,
4
,
5
; Jews born in, deported from Paris to Auschwitz,
6
,
7
; a Jewess born in, deported from Italy (1944),
8
; Jews deported to,
9

Moses: Jews urged to emulate,
1

Moshe (a tinsmith): and a labour camp revolt,
1

Moshkovitz, Elizabeth: rescued, in order to be experimented on,
1

Mostar: escape to,
1
; Italian assurances to the Jews of,
2

Moszkowicz, Daniel: in the Bialystok ghetto revolt,
1

Motyn (at Babi Yar): his courage, and fate (1941),
1

‘Moustache’: kills a Jewish woman (1942),
1

Mozes, Moshe: shot (1939),
1

Muenter (a German police officer): wounded,
1

Muhldorf camp: the struggle to survive in,
1

Mulhouse: deportation of the Rabbi of,
1

Mulik (from Lvov): a survivor,
1

Muller, Filip: recalls ‘the threshold of the gas-chamber’,
1

Muller, Heinrich: Gestapo chief,
1
,
2
; at the Wannsee Conference (20

January 1944),
1
; sends Eichmann to watch mass murder by gassing,
2

Munch, SS First-Lieutenant: and medical experiments,
1

Munich: and the origins of the Nazi Party (1920),
1
; and the expulsion of Jews from Bavaria (1923),
2
; the main synagogue burnt down in (1938),
3
,
4
; Jews deported to Kovno from (1941),
5
; and the ‘final solution’,
6
; fate of a painter born in,
7
; Jews deported from Auschwitz to labour camps in the region of (1944),
8
; and a deception (1944),
9
,
10
; liberation and death near (1945),
11

Munkacs (Mukachevo): Jews try to resist in,
1
; a terrible journey from,
2
; experiments on triplets from,
3
; twins travel towards, after liberation,
4

Mussfeld, SS Quartermaster-Sergeant: and a medical experiment at Auschwitz,
1
; and the fate of three escapees,
2

Mussolini: invades Greece (1940),
1
; and the Jews,
2
,
3
,
4
; abdicates (1943),
5

Musya (from Minsk): helped by a White Russian woman,
1

Mylner, Gitele: saved,
1

Myshkin, Eliyahu: killed (1941),
1

Myslowice: labour camp at,
1

Nablus: riots in (1933),
1

Nachmanowicz, Miss: raped (1940),
1

Nadel, Simon: shot (1941),
1

Naftel, Consul: commits suicide (1944),
1

Nagyvarad: a letter of re-assurance to,
1

Najberg, Leon: and the Warsaw ghetto revolt,
1
,
2
,
3
,
4

Najwer (a young Jew from Falenica): murdered (1942),
1

Nakonieczny, Jan: saves Jews,
1

Naliboki: fate of Jews from,
1

Nantes: fate of a Jewess who studied at,
1

Napoleon:
1

Narew river:
1
,
2

Naroch forest: Jews escape to,
1

Narvik: Anglo-French force foiled at (1940),
1

Nastek, Major: killed in action in Warsaw (August 1944),
1

Nathan (from Lvov): ‘no longer among the living’,
1

National Liberation Movement (France): founded by a Jew,
1

Natzweiler: Jews murdered at,
1
; Jews deported to,
2

Nazi Party:
1
; its electoral successes (1928),
2
,
3
; declared the only legal Party in Germany (1933),
4

Nazi-Soviet Pact (August 1939):
1
; secret clauses of,
2
; and Bialystok,
3
; and Lvov,
4

Ne’eman, Azriel: recalls Dr Mengele,
1

Nella (from Greece): to be revenged,
1

Nemyonov, Mikhail: and an escape from Kovno,
1
; commits suicide,
2

Ner river: and a death camp,
1
; a Jew escapes across,
2

Neu Dachs: labour camp at,
1

Neubenschen:
1

Neuhof, Chaim: and the revolt of Auschwitz-Birkenau,
1

Neumann, Julius: deported (1942),
1

Neumann, Liana: describes a deportation (1941),
1

Neumann, Stephan: a British Army officer,
1

Neumann, Trude: her death (1943),
1

Neumark: torment of sick inmates at,
1

Neusalz: a death march from (1945),
1
,
2

Neustadt-Glowen: liberation at,
1
; last torments at, and liberation,
2
; events at, after liberation,
3

New York: protest in (1933),
1
; further protest in (1938),
2
; and Warsaw,
3
; information about German intentions reaches (1942),
4
; a Jew born in, shot in France for his resistance work (1944),
5

New York Herald Tribune
, the: and the Nuremberg Laws (1935),
1

News Chronicle
, the: horrific report in (1938),
1

Nicolescu, Lieutenant-Colonel C. D.: and the Rumanian occupation of Odessa,
1

Niechcicki, Moshe: his wife refuses to abandon their children,
1

Nieswiez: Red Army withdraws from (1941),
1
; Germans enter,
2
; revolt at (July 1942),
3
,
4

Nikelburg, Dr Aron: dies (1941),
1

Nikolayev: mass murder at (1941),
1

Niska Street (Warsaw): fighting on (January 1943),
1
; more fighting on (April 1943),
2

Nisko: Jewish deportees reach (1939),
1

Nissenbaum, Shmuel: escapes,
1

Nordhausen: United States troops enter (1945),
1

Normandy: Allied landings in (June 1944),
1
; news of, reaches the Lodz ghetto,
2

North Africa: British forces on the defensive in (1941),
1
; punishment camps under Vichy French rule in (1941),
2
; British forces still not masters of (1942),
3
; Allied landings in (1942),
4

Norway: German forces occupy (1940),
1
; no destruction of Jews in (1941),
2
; and the ‘final solution’,
3
,
4
; deportations from (1942),
5
,
6
; protest by Protestant bishops from,
7

Nosov, Sergeant G. G.: his ‘courage’ (1942),
1

Novaki: Jews in liberation of labour camp at,
1

Novi Sad: Jews and Serbs murdered at (1942),
1

Nowakowski, Tadeusz: relates the fate of an escapee,
1

Nowogrodek: mass murder of Jews in (1941),
1
,
2
; rumours of resistance in (1942),
3
; ‘lies’ about resistance in,
4
; an escape from (1942),
5
; Jews from, join partisans,
6
; a further ‘action’ at (1943),
7
; an escape from,
8

Nowogrodzka, Judith: leads a break-out from the Bialystok ghetto,
1

Nowojelna: Jewish partisans near,
1

Nowolipie Street (Warsaw): a Jew killed on (1942),
1
; a Jewess killed on (1942),
2

Nowolipki Street (Warsaw): two Jews killed on (1942),
1
; a deportation round-up on (1942),
2
; a testimony found under (1950),
3

Nowy Sacz: Jews deported from,
1
; death of a woman from,
2

Nowy Targ: five Jews murdered on the way to, after liberation,
1

Nuremberg: death of a Jew from (1933),
1
; Jews ordered to eat grass in (1933),
2
; a six-month sentence meted out in (1934),
3
; anti-Jewish Laws issued from (1935),
4
,
5
,
6
; an anti-Jewish exhibition in (1937),
7
; synagogue destroyed in (1938),
8
; suicides in (1938),
9
; Jews deported to Riga from (1941),
10
,
11
n.
12

Nuremberg Laws (of 1935):
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
; introduced to Luxembourg (1940),
5

Nuremberg Tribunal: testimony at,
1
,
2
,
3

Nussenbaum, Eliaz: executed (1939),
1
,
2
n.
3

Nyilas: attack Jews throughout Budapest (1944),
1
,
2
,
3

Nyiszli, Dr Miklos: an eye-witness at Auschwitz-Birkenau (1944),
1
,
2
; liberated at Ebensee (1945),
3

Ochsenhorn, Zygmunt: killed (1939),
1
,
2
n.
3

Oder river: death of Jews on marches from (1945),
1
,
2

Odessa: reprisals in (1941),
1
; deportations from (1942),
2
; fate of a Jew born in,
3
; a Jewish partisan shot, in the region of,
4
; fate of an artist born in,
5
; fate of other Jews born in,
6

Oestereicher, Paul: recalls the Berlin mob (1938),
1

Offenbach, Sholem: protects his fellow Jews,
1

Ogilvie-Forbes, Sir George: and German treatment of Jews (1938),
1
,
2

Ohlendorf, General: and the use of gas vans,
1

Ohrdruf: mass grave discovered at (1945),
1

O’Leary, Lieutenant-Commander Pat: and the murder of seven Jews at Mauthausen,
1
; and savagery at Mauthausen,
2

Olender, Shmuel Leib: shot (1942),
1

Olga (from Bratislava): and the truth about Auschwitz,
1

Olkiniki: Jewish partisan actions at,
1

Olshak, Shaine: murdered after liberation (1945),
1

Olyka: fate of Jews who escaped from,
1

‘Operation Reinhard’: and the death camps,
1
; in Warsaw,
2

Opoczno: a deportation from,
1
; deception, and a further deportation from,
2

Oppenheimer, Dr Alfred: at Birkenau,
1
; at Gleiwitz,
2
; on a death march,
3

Oradour-sur-Glane: massacre at,
1

Oran: death of a Jew from, at Auschwitz,
1
; execution of a Jew from, for his part in the French resistance,
2
n. 5

Orchestra: at Belzec,
1
; at Auschwitz-Birkenau,
2
,
3
,
4

Organisation Juif de Combat: and Jewish resistance in France,
1

Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists: in Kiev (1941),
1

Oshry, Rabbi: rules against suicide,
1

Oslo: Jews interned near,
1
; Jews deported from,
2

Osowa (Chelm): killings at (1941),
1

Ostend:
1