The Holocaust (157 page)

Poniatowa (Poniatow): labour camp at,
1
,
2
; revolt at,
3
; massacre at,
4
; act of defiance at,
5
; buckle and sewing machines from, sent to Lodz,
6

Porkkala peninsula: three Jews commit suicide at (1938),
1

Port Bou: a suicide at (1940),
1

Portet Saint Simon: camp at,
1
,
2
n.
3

Portugal:
1
; Jews reach safety of (1940),
2
,
3
; protection for Jews in Budapest offered by (1945),
4

Poznan:
1
,
2
; Jews expelled from region of (1939),
3
; Jews from, in a deportation from Dzialoszyce (1942),
4
; Jewesses from a labour camp in, shot (1942),
5
; complaints concerning clothing sent to (1943),
6
; Jews from, deported from Lodz (1943),
7
; Himmler’s speech in (1943),
8

Poznanski, Jakub: mass murder ‘out of the question’,
1

Praga (Warsaw): a Jew killed (1940),
1
; Jews driven from,
2
; courage of a Jew from,
3
; a postcard thrown out of a train at,
4
; Jews in hiding, killed in an accident in,
5

Prague: Jews flee from (1939),
1
; Jews deported from (1939),
2
; Jews escape from,
3
; further deportations from (1941),
4
,
5
,
6
; death of deportees from,
7
; further deportations planned from (1942),
8
; Jews from, in Lodz, deported to Chelmno,
9
; only a single survivor of a deportation from,
10

Prajs, Izak: murdered, after liberation,
1

Prashker, Gershon: at Chelmno,
1
,
2

‘Preacher, the’: at Sobibor,
1

Preiss, Izchak: at Chelmno,
1

Presser, Dr Jacob: and a deportation from Holland,
1

Preuss, Hugo:
1

Prilutzki, Noah: killed (1941),
1

Pripet marshes: and a deception (1942),
1

Priss, Samuel: killed (1942),
1

Prochownik, Yechiel: the sole survivor,
1
,
2

Pronicheva, Dina: an eye-witness to mass murder (1941),
1

Proskurov: Jews killed in (1919),
1
; massacre at (1941),
2

Pruszcz: the ‘redeemer’ reaches (1945),
1

Pruszkow: Jews deported to Warsaw from (1941),
1
,
2
; a Jewess hidden in (1943),
3

Przemysl: Jews killed in (1939),
1
; occupied by Soviet troops (1939),
2
; Germans deport Jews from (1942),
3
,
4
; a further deportation from (1943),
5
n.
6
; a final killing in (1944),
7

Przemyslany: mass murder at (1941),
1
,
2
n.
3

Przytyk: two Jews killed in (1936),
1
; death of a Jew from (1942),
2

Pszczyna: a Jew escapes from a death march at,
1
n.
2

Pultusk: Jews driven from (1939),
1

Purim, Festival of: and clothing,
1
; and a deportation from Minsk (1942),
2
; and mass murder at Baranowicze (1942),
3
; and a deportation to Chelmno (1942),
4
; and hangings at Zdunska Wola (1942),
5
; at Czestochowa (1943),
6
; at Piotrkow (1943),
7
; at Radom (1943),
8

Purke, SS Corporal Josef: killed (1944),
1

Przydlowski (of Opoczno): encourages deportees to run,
1

Putrinia, Wilhelmina: helps Jews,
1

Puvogel, Hans: and the ‘racially inferior’ (1936),
1

Pyrenees, the: Jews reach (1940),
1
; Jews sent to camps in,
2
; Jews deported out of camps in,
3

Quisling, Vidkun: allows deportation of Jews,
1

R, Mrs: refuses to undress,
1

Rabinowicz, Jakub: recalls a deception at Treblinka,
1

Rachel (a Jewish mother): and Hershl (her son),
1

Rachovo: testimony of a survivor born in (Sarah Friedmann),
1
,
2
n.
3

Raciaz: indignities against Jews of (1939),
1

Racine, Mila: killed by an Allied bomb (1945),
1

Radecznica: Jews shot at (1943),
1

Radii, Binyamin Pavel: hanged (1942),
1

Radnoti, Miklos: his death (1944),
1

Radom: Jewish forced labourers from (1940),
1
; visitors to (1942),
2
; Jews deported to Treblinka from (1942),
3
,
4
; resistance near,
5
; a deception and a massacre at (1943),
6
; a Jew in hiding near, denounced and killed (1944),
7
; a Jew deported to Auschwitz from, murdered after liberation (1946),
8

Radom district: plans for deportation trains from,
1

Radomsko: a Jew from, expelled from Germany (1938),
1
; a ghetto established in (1939),
2
; and a German deception (1943),
3
; a deportation from, to Treblinka (1943),
4

Radova, Emma: killed (1943),
1

Radun (near Lida): mass murder at (1941),
1
; further mass murder at (1942),
2

Radzewski, Kalman: at Chelmno,
1
,
2

Radziwillow: slaughter at (1942),
1
; partisans near,
2
,
3

Radzymin: a message from (1941),
1

Radzyn: death of the rabbi of,
1

Rajzman, Samuel: in the Warsaw ghetto during the deportations to Treblinka,
1
,
2
; an eye-witness of the arrival at Treblinka,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7

Rakoscaba: a deportation through,
1

Rakow forest: Jews shot in (1942),
1
; an escapee from, shot,
2

Rakowski (at Treblinka): shot (1943),
1

Rappaport, Rabbi: killed (1941),
1

Rasainiai: mass murder at (1941),
1

Rath, Ernst vom: shot (1938),
1
; his father helps Jews (1940),
2
; a street named after him,
3

Rathenau, Walter:
1
; assassinated (1922),
2

Rats: and Jews (in an anti-Semitic film, 1940),
1

Rauca, SS Commander: in Kovno (1941),
1

Rauff, Walter: rewards and condemnation for,
1

‘Ravens’: their cruelty (1942),
1

Ravensbruck: a death march to,
1
; Jews evacuated to,
2
; an escape from, in vain,
3
; a death march from,
4
; seven thousand women to be released from,
5
; a hundred and fifty women sent to Sweden from,
6
; reached by Soviet troops,
7
; Jewesses evacuated from, at a camp near Lübeck,
8

Rawa-Ruska: rumours of electrocutions at (1942),
1

Rebhun, Maria: witness to a death march (1944),
1
; recalls the moment of liberation (1945),
2

Récébédou: camp at,
1
,
2
n.
3

Rechstein, Yitzhak: killed (1942),
1

Red Air Force: flies over Treblinka (1942),
1

Red Army, the:
1
,
2
; ‘we’ll be back’,
3
; acts of sabotage of,
4
; Jews shield soldiers of,
5
; rumours of advance of (1942),
6
,
7
,
8
; partisan activities of, behind German lines,
9
,
10
; partisans of, reached by a Jew,
11
; Jews join partisan units of,
12
,
13
,
14
,
15
; Jews in combat in ranks of,
16
,
17
,
18
,
19
,
20
,
21
n.
22
; veterans of, lead a death camp revolt (1943),
23
; advance of (1943),
24
,
25
,
26
,
27
,
28
,
29
,
30
,
31
,
32
,
33
,
34
,
35
,
36
,
37
,
38
,
39
,
40
,
41
,
42
,
43
,
44
; and the liberation of towns and camps (1944),
45
,
46
,
47
,
48
,
49
,
50
,
51
,
52
,
53
,
54
,
55
,
56
; reaches the site of Treblinka,
57
; reaches Chelmno, Budapest and Warsaw,
58
; reaches Blechhammer,
59
; final liberations by,
60
,
61
,
62
,
63
,
64
,
65
,
66
,
67
,
68
,
69
,
70

‘Red Friday’: in Bialystok (1941),
1

Reder, Rudolf: a survivor of Belzec camp,
1
; his testimony,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5

Regensburg: arrest of Jews in (1933),
1

Regina (at Auschwitz): helps a revolt,
1
; arrested,
2
; hanged (1944),
3

Rehmsdorf: a death march from (1945),
1

Reichenau, Field Marshal Walter von: and Jewish ‘sub-humanity’,
1

Reichstag Fire, the (1933),
1

Reik, Havivah: captured (1944),
1
; executed,
2

Reilly, Patrick: and Jews ‘who panicked unnecessarily’ (1939),
1

Reims: deportation through,
1

Reiss, Raffi: executed (1944),
1

Rejoicing of the Law (Simchat Torah) Jewish Festival: and the Warsaw ghetto (1940),
1

Rejowiec: a deportation through (1942),
1

Remba, Nahum: his courage,
1

Rembertow: a deportation from,
1

Reprisals:
1
; a deterrent to resistance,
2
; and a ratio of 1,200 to 1 (in Lvov),
3
; at Sobibor,
4
; near Vilna,
5
; in Vilna,
6
; at Babi Yar,
7
; at Kovno,
8
; near Lyons,
9
; at Oradour,
10
; at Chelmno,
11
; at Auschwitz-Birkenau,
12
,
13
; their scale and effectiveness,
14

Resistance and revolt, acts of: in 1940,
1
; in 1941, as an excuse for reprisals,
2
; in Belgrade,
3
; in Warsaw,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
; in France,
9
; at Lubieszow,
10
; at Nowogrodek,
11
; on the Kowel-Luck road,
12
; urged, at Vilna,
13
; at Dubossary,
14
; near Balta,
15
; in Vinnitsa region,
16
; at Starodub,
17
; in Minsk,
18
; rumours of (in Nowogrodek),
19
; near Wlodawa,
20
; in Paris,
21
; Ringelblum’s anguished discussion of (17 June 1942),
22
; at Rowne (13 July 1942),
23
; at Nieswiez (2 July 1942),
24
,
25
; at Szarkowszczyna (18 July 1942),
26
; at Kleck (20 July 1942),
27
; in the forests of White Russia (1942),
28
; near Odessa (1942),
29
; the final act of desperation,
30
; discussed (in Warsaw),
31
; at Zdzieciol,
32
; at Lachwa,
33
; at Tuczyn,
34
; at Serniki,
35
; at Korzec,
36
; near Opoczno,
37
; the impossibility of, at Wlodawa,
38
; preparations for, in Bialystok,
39
; preparations for, in Grodno,
40
; in Cracow,
41
; at Marcinkance,
42
; near Siemiatycze,
43
; a spur to (in Warsaw),
44
; at Kruszyna,
45
; in Minsk Mazowiecki,
46
; in Cracow,
47
; in Radom (preparations for, unsuccessful),
48
; at Luck,
49
; at Czestochowa (1943),
50
; in the Volhynia,
51
; in Warsaw (January 1943),
52
; outside Bialystok,
53
; in Bialystok,
54
,
55
; in Warsaw (April 1943),
56
; at Poniatowa,
57
; at Czestochowa,
58
; outside Vilna,
59
; at Treblinka,
60
; at Konin,
61
; in Bedzin,
62
; in Vilna,
63
; at Tarnow,
64
; at Sandomierz,
65
; at Sobibor,
66
; at Koldyczewo,
67
; at Ponary,
68
; at Auschwitz-Birkenau,
69
; and ‘the defenceless remnants of
life and youth’,
70
;
see also index entries for
Courage, acts of,
and
Defiance, acts of Reval: a deportation through,
71
; three Jews deported from France to, and shot,
72

Reznik, Josef: and the digging up of bodies at Borki,
1
; and an escape from Borki,
2

Rhineland, the: alleged Jewish crimes in,
1
; remilitarization of (1936),
2
,
3
; a deportation from (1942),
4

Rhodes: deportation of Jews from (1944),
1
,
2
,
3
; a Jewess from, in Dachau and Belsen (1945),
4
; a Jewess from, dies in Belsen after liberation,
5
; a Jew deported to Auschwitz from, liberated,
6