The Holocaust (158 page)

Ribbentrop, Joachim von: and deportations from Croatia,
1
; and the need ‘to hurry’ with deportations from Europe,
2
; complains personally to Mussolini (1943),
3

Richborough Camp (Kent):
1

Riga: and poison gas (1941),
1
; Jews murdered at, including Simon Dubnov,
2
,
3
; German Jews deported to,
4
,
5
,
6
n.
7
; acts of rescue in,
8
; Jews selected for death in,
9
,
10
; use of gas vans at (1942),
11
; a reprisal in (1943),
12
; Jews hidden near,
13
,
14
; Jews sent to Auschwitz from,
15
; killing and evacuation in (1944),
16
,
17
; killing on the eve of liberation in,
18
; a Jew returns to (1979),
19
; a war crimes trial in (1946),
20
n.
21

Rigoletto:
an aria from, whistled by an SS doctor,
1

Ringelblum, Emanuel: begins collection of historical material (1933),
1
; gathers information (1938),
2
; describes daily life in the Warsaw ghetto (1940),
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
; and the establishment of the Warsaw ghetto (October 1940),
7
,
8
,
9
,
10
; gives details of torments outside Warsaw (1940),
11
,
12
,
13
,
14
,
15
; and the Warsaw ghetto during 1941,
16
,
17
,
18
,
19
,
20
,
21
; and Ukrainian guards,
22
; and news from a labour camp,
23
; and news from Lodz,
24
; and the Warsaw ghetto (during 1942),
25
,
26
,
27
,
28
,
29
,
30
,
31
,
32
,
33
,
34
,
35
,
36
; learns of the mass murder of Jews at Chelmno,
37
,
38
; describes two courageous Jewesses,
39
,
40
; and an act of ‘sanctification of the name of God’ by martyrdom,
41
; receives further news of events outside Warsaw (1942),
42
; and the question of ‘sheep to the slaughter’ (17 June 1942),
43
; and a German extermination ‘plan’ (25 June 1942),
44
; and a BBC broadcast (26 June 1942),
45
; and the deportations from Warsaw to Treblinka,
46
,
47
,
48
,
49
,
50
; and the killing of Jewish policemen,
51
; and Polish-Jewish relations,
52
; and a spur to resistance,
53
; at Trawniki,
54
; in hiding, in Warsaw,
55
; caught, and killed (March 1944),
56
; his work and legacy,
57
; the recovery of the archives of (1946, 1950),
58
; his self-imposed task,
59
; and ‘the quiet passive heroism of the common Jew’,
60

Ringelblum, Uri: betrayed,
1
; in Pawiak prison,
2
; executed (1944),
3

Ringelblum, Yehudit: betrayed,
1
; executed (1944),
2

Rio de Janeiro: an Auschwitz guard born in,
1
n.
2

Rischel (a German): helps Jews,
1

Risiera di San Sabba, La: Jews murdered at,
1

Ritual Murder charge: (in 1934),
1
; and its use as propaganda (1943),
2
; revived in Poland after liberation (1945),
3
,
4

Rivesaltes: camp at,
1
,
2
n.
3
; two Jews awaiting ‘transfer’ to,
4
; a Jew interned in,
5

Roatta, General: refuses to deport Jews,
1

Robota, Roza: and the revolt at Auschwitz-Birkenau,
1
; arrested,
2
; hanged (1944),
3

Rochele (from Opoczno): ‘I am terribly afraid’,
1

Roey, Cardinal Van: his intervention,
1

Rogoza (a camp guard): his cruelty,
1

Rohatyn: the search for survival in,
1

Rois, Abraham: escape of, from Chelmno,
1
,
2

Rokitno: ‘Jews… run!’,
1
; the fate of Jews in, after liberation,
2

Rollfinger, SS Major: at Majdanek,
1

Rolnik, Mrs: murdered, after liberation,
1

Roman (Bessarabia): and a death train (1941),
1

Rome: Jews deported from (1943),
1
; a massacre in (1944),
2

Roosevelt, Franklin D.: and Pearl Harbor,
1
; and a spurious agreement with Hitler, cited as part of a deception,
2
; at Casablanca (1943),
3
; and the War Refugee Board (1944),
4

Rosani, Rita: killed in battle (1944),
1

Rose, Benjamin: a survivor, murdered after liberation,
1

Rose, Gerda: deported (1942),
1

Rosemann, Julius: killed (1933),
1

Rosen (from Warsaw): shot (1942),
1

Rosen, David: and the fate of the Jews of Kiev (1941),
1

Rosen, Hadassah: an eye-witness to an ‘action’,
1

Rosen, Lisa: killed (1941),
1

Rosen, Tolik: killed (1941),
1

Rosenau (a Jew from Gunzenhausen): killed (1934),
1

Rosenbaum, Rozika: dies, after liberation (1945),
1

Rosenbind, Dawid: killed (1939),
1
,
2
n.
3

Rosenberg, Alfred: receives a protest,
1

Rosenberg, Benjamin: shot (1939),
1

Rosenberg, Helene: deported,
1

Rosenberg, Jankiel: executed (1939),
1
,
2
n.
3

Rosenberg, Mikla: pulled from the pit,
1

Rosenberg, Uszer: executed (1939),
1
,
2
n.
3

Rosenblum, Joel: murdered with his wife and five of his sons (1942),
1

Rosenblum, Martin: recalls a deportation,
1

Rosenboim, Dora: an eye-witness to an ‘unheard-of crime’ (1942),
1
; and a public hanging (1942),
2
; and the murder of a thousand Jews (1942),
3

Rosenbusz, Maximilian: deported to Auschwitz (1940),
1
; his family saved (1942),
2

Rosenfeld, Oskar: notes an incident in the Lodz ghetto (June 1944),
1
; and reality versus rumour,
2

Rosenfeld, Sonia Reznik: recalls the day of liberation,
1

Rosenfelder (a 75-year-old Jew): killed (1934),
1

Rosenfelder, Dr Albert: at Dachau (1933),
1

Rosenfrucht, Moshe Hersh: witnesses a deportation (1942),
1

Rosensaft, Yossl: recalls a death at Auschwitz,
1
; recalls the liberation of Belsen,
2

Rosenstrauch, Salomon: shot (1933),
1

Rosenthal brothers (of Riga): help Jews,
1

Rosenthal, Aharon: at Chelmno,
1
,
2

Rosenzweig, Dr Artur: arrested and deported (1942),
1

Rosenzweig, Shimon: killed in action,
1

Rosin, Arnost: escapes from Auschwitz,
1
,
2

Roskiskis: two day massacre at (1941),
1
,
2

Rosier, Major: an eye-witness to mass murder (1941),
1

Rostov-on-Don: and the leader of a revolt at Sobibor,
1

Rotbel, Edward: deported,
1

Rotblatt, Lutek: in the Warsaw ghetto revolt,
1

Rothke, SS First-Lieutenant Heinz: and deportations from Paris,
1

Rothschild Old Age Home (Paris): patients from, deported and killed (1942),
1

Rottenberg, Aizik: and the impossibility of resistance,
1

Rotterdam: occupied by German forces (1940),
1

Rowne (Rovno): occupied by Soviet troops (1939),
1
; first acts of the German occupation forces in (1941),
2
; further mass murder at (1941),
3
; mass murder at (1941),
4
,
5
n.
6
; an eye-witness to mass murder at (1942),
7

Rowne Brigade: commanded by a Jew,
1

Rozanski, Eliyahu: his act of vengeance,
1
; killed (1943),
2

Rozen, Simcha: escapes,
1

Rozenberg, Dwojra: shot (1941),
1
,
2
n.
3

Rozenblum (a thirteen-year-old boy): shot (1942),
1

Rozenfeld, Bluma: commits suicide (1942),
1

Rozenfeld, Semyon: escapes, and fights,
1
; enters Berlin (May 1945),
2

Rozenson, Haim Henryk: his partisan group,
1

Rozensztajn, Matla: shot (1942),
1

Rozes, Michel: deported (1942),
1

Rozes, Sarah: deported (1942),
1

Rozlubirski, Lieutenant: in action in Warsaw (August 1944),
1

Rozwadow: Jews driven from (1939),
1

Rozycka, Maryla: and plans for resistance,
1

Rubinowicz, Dawid: and ‘this terrible bloodshed’,
1
; and a cart ‘full of blood’,
2

Rubinstein, Dina: in the ghetto,
1
; murdered (1942),
2

Rubinstein, Grigory: killed (1941),
1

Rubinstein, Maria: recalls massacres in Khmelnik (1941),
1
,
2
,
3

Rubinstein, Polina: in the ghetto,
1
; killed (1942),
2

Rubinstein, Victor: shot (1944),
1

Rubinsztein, Abram: survives a deportation (1942),
1

Rubinsztein, Haim: killed (1942),
1

Rubinsztein, Malka: killed (1942),
1

Ruchocki Mlyn: labour camp at (1940),
1
,
2

Rudashevski, Yitshok: reports on a deportation and a massacre (1943),
1

Rudicer (a Jewish Council member):
1

Rudki: an incident near,
1

Rudnicki (in Warsaw): shot (1942),
1

Rudnicki, Peisach: his grave,
1

Rudnicki, Yitzhak: escapes (1941),
1
; survives,
2

Rudniki Forest, the: escapes to,
1
,
2

Rueff, Georges: escapes (1942),
1

Rumaner, Leibl: dies (1942),
1

Rumania:
1
; Jewish immigration to Palestine from (1934),
2
n.
3
; anti-Jewish riots in (1936),
4
; anti-Jewish legislation in (1938),
5
; British pressure on (1939),
6
,
7
; Jews escape through,
8
; further anti-Jewish legislation in (1940),
9
; Jews killed in,
10
; grim reports from (1940),
11
; further killings in (1941),
12
; and the occupation of Odessa (1941),
13
; Jews of, listed (1942),
14
; and the ‘final solution’,
15
; and the Jewish tombstones of Odessa,
16
; and a German propaganda proposal,
17
; Jews returned from Transnistria to,
18
; Jews from, in a labour camp in Warsaw,
19

Rumanians: kill Jews (1941),
1
,
2

Rumbold, Lady: in Berlin (1933),
1

Rumbold, Sir Horace: reports on ‘bestiality’ (1933),
1

Rumbuli forest: executions in (1941),
1
; becomes a place of memorial and meeting (after 1960),
2

Rumkowski, Chaim: ‘Eldest of the Jews’ in the Lodz ghetto,
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
; and the events of 1942 in the Lodz ghetto,
6
,
7
,
8
; ‘I simply must cut off the limbs’,
9
; takes in a deportee who jumped from a deportation train,
10
; and a further deportation,
11
; a call for volunteers from (June 1944),
12
; an appeal for ‘discipline’ from (July 1944),
13
; and the final ‘resettlement’ (August 1944),
14
; his fate,
15

Runda, Mrs: shot (1941),
1

Ruppin, Dr Arthur: in Berlin (1923),
1

Russak, Yehuda Leib: shot, with his wife (1942),
1

Russia (under the Tsars):
1

Ruthenia:
1
,
2
; Eichmann’s complaint about Jewish partisans in,
3

Ruttenberg, Mrs: her strange fate,
1

Ruzomberok: a deportee passes through,
1

Rybnik: Jews shot at (1945),
1

Ryki: fate of Jews of (1942),
1

Rzepkowicz, Mania: joins children (1942),
1

Rzeszow: labour camps in region of (1939),
1
; fate of a Jew from (1941),
2
; fate of Jewish resistance group near (1942),
3
; a Jew from, witnesses the Auschwitz revolt (1944),
4
; a ritual murder accusation in, after liberation,
5

SA (
Sturmabteilung
, Stormtroops): founded (1921),
1
; murder Jews in Berlin (1930),
2
; attack Jews during election campaign (1930),
3
; in Berlin (1933),
4
,
5
; at Dachau (1933),
6
; in Vienna (1938),
7
,
8
; in Berlin (1938),
9
; in Leipzig (1938),
10
; and the
Kristallnacht
(1938),
11
,
12
; and the deportation of Jews to Poland (1939),
13
; and a massacre at Stanislawow (1941),
14