The Intimate Bond (39 page)

4.
A general survey: Keith Dobney et al., “The Origins and Spread of Stock-Keeping,” in Sue Colledge et al., eds.,
The Origins and Spread of Domestic Animals in Southwest Asia and Europe
(Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2013), pp. 17–26. See also Benjamin S. Arbuckle et al., “The Evolution of Sheep and Goat Husbandry in Central Anatolia,”
Anthropozoologica
44, no. 1 (2009): 129–57. Comprehensive bibliographies appear in both these papers.

5.
John Mionczynski,
The Pack Goat
(Portland, OR: Westwinds Press, 1992).

6.
Juliet Clutton-Brock,
Animals as Domesticates
(East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2012), provides an excellent regional summary of domestication, used for this chapter. For genetics, see Susana Pedrosa et al., “Evidence of Three Maternal Lineages in Near Eastern Sheep Supporting Multiple Domestication Events,”
Proceedings of the Royal Society, Biological Sciences
272, no. 1577 (2005): 2211–17. See also M. A. Zeder, “Central Questions in the Domestication of Plants and Animals,”
Evolutionary Anthropology
15, no. 3 (2006): 105–17.

7.
A. J. Legge and P. A. Rowley-Conwy, “Gazelle Killing in Stone Age Syria,”
Scientific American
255, no. 8 (1987): 88–95. Also Guy Bar-Oz et al., “Role of Mass-Kill Hunting Strategies in the Extirpation of the Persian Gazelle (
Gazella subgutturosa
) in the Northern Levant,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
108, no. 18 (2011): 7345–50.

8.
Sir Richard Burton,
The Lands of Midian (Revisited)
, Vol. 1 (London: Routledge, 1879), p. 293.

9.
This section is based on Benjamin S. Arbuckle et al., “The Evolution of Sheep and Goat Husbandry,”
Anthropozoologica
44, no. 1 (2009): 129–57.

10.
M. A. Zeder, “Animal Domestication in the Zagros: An Update and Directions for Future Research,” in E. Vila et al., eds.,
Archaeozoology of the Near East VIII
(Lyon: Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, 2008), pp. 243–78.

Chapter 5
: Working Landscapes

1.
Francis Pryor,
Farmers in Prehistoric Britain
, 2nd ed. (Stroud, UK: The History Press, 2006), combines both Pryor's lifetime of archaeological fieldwork with his sheep farming experience.

2.
A summary appears in Francis Pryor,
Fengate
(Botley, UK: Shire Publications, 1982). A series of technical reports published subsequently describe the excavations. The references can be accessed online. Christopher Evans et al.,
Fengate Revisited
(Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books, 2009), is a reappraisal.

3.
Ibid.

4.
Francis Pryor,
Flag Fen: Life and Death of a Prehistoric Landscape
(Stroud, UK: Tempus, 2005).

5.
J-D. Vigne et al., “Early Taming of the Cat in Cyprus,”
Science
304, no. 9 (2004): 259. The earliest-known Egyptian cats are burials of two adults and four kittens from at least two litters deposited in a cemetery at Hierakonpolis (Nekhen), which served as the capital of Upper Egypt before unification in about 3100
BCE
. The burials date to between 3800 and 3600
BCE
. Wim Van Neer et al., “More Evidence for Cat Taming at the Predynastic Elite Cemetery at Hierakonpolis (Upper Eygpt),”
Journal of Archaeological Science
45, no. 1 (2014): 103–11.

6.
Jaromir Malek,
The Cat in Ancient Egypt
, rev ed. (London: British Museum Press, 2006).

7.
Diodorus Siculus,
Library of History
, volume 1, trans. C. H. Oldfather (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1933), 1:83, 1:5.

8.
Roy Rappaport,
Pigs for the Ancestors
, 2nd ed. (Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 2000).

Chapter 6
: Corralling the Aurochs

1.
Julius Caesar,
The Conquest of Gaul
, trans. Jane Gardner (Baltimore, MD: Penguin, 1982), p. 47.

2.
Temple Grandin,
Humane Livestock Handling
(North Adams, MA: Storey Publishing, 2008).

3.
A prolific literature surrounds cattle domestication: P. Ajmone-Marsan et al., “On the Origin of Cattle: How Aurochs Became Cattle and Colonized the World,”
Evolutionary Anthropology
19, no. 4 (2010): 148–57; M. D. Teasdale and D. G. Bradley, “The Origins of Cattle,”
Bovine Genomics
5 (2012): 1–10. See also Ruth Bullongino et al., “Modern Taurine Cattle Descended from Small Number of Near-Eastern Founders,”
Molecular Biology and Evolution
29, no. 9 (2012):
2101–4. Most recently, Jared E. Decker et al., “Worldwide Patterns of Ancestry, Divergence, and Admixture in Domesticated Cattle,”
PLOS Genetics
10.1371/journal.pgen.1004254 (2014).

4.
James Mellaart,
Çatalhöyük
(London: Thames and Hudson, 1967), describes the original excavations. A large international research team has been working at the site in recent years. Ian Hodder,
The Leopard's Tale: Revealing the Mysteries of Çatalhöyük
(London: Thames and Hudson, 2011), updates the story for a general audience. See also Benjamin S. Arbuckle et al., “Evolution of Sheep and Goat Husbandry,” pp. 139–41. On history houses, see Ian Hodder, ed.,
Religion in the Emergence of Civilization: Çatalhöyük as a Case Study
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010).

5.
Jacques Cauvin,
The Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007).

6.
Klaus Schmidt,
Göbekli Tepe
(Istanbul: Arkeoloji Sanat Yayýnlarý, 2013).

7.
Surveyed in Brian Fagan,
The Long Summer
(New York: Basic Books, 2004), chapter 7.

8.
Edmund Spenser,
A View of the State of Ireland
(annoted by H. J. Todd) (Charleston, NC: Nabu Press, 2012), pp. 496–97.

9.
Muhammed ibn Khaldun,
The Muqaddimah
, trans. Franz Rosenthal, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004) 2, 2. See
http://asadullahali.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/ibn_khaldun-al_muqaddimah.pdf
.

10.
E. E. Evans-Pritchard,
The Nuer
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940). Quote from p. 16.

11.
Ibid., p. 26.

12.
Studies of more recent Nuer happenings: Sharon E. Hutchinson,
Nuer Dilemmas: Coping with Money, War, and the State
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996); and Raymond C. Kelly,
The Nuer Conquest: The Structure and Development of an Expansionist System
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1985).

Chapter 7
: “Wild Bull on the Rampage”

1.
Quotes in this paragraph are from
The Epic of Gilgamesh
, trans. Maureen Gallery Kovacs (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1989). See
http://www.ancienttexts.org/library/mesopotamian/gilgamesh/tab1.htm
. Quotes from Tablet 1.

2.
A summary of the Apis cult:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_(god)
.

3.
Serapeum of Saqqara:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serapeum_of_Saqqara
; R. T. Ridley, “Auguste Mariette: One Hundred Years After,”
Abr-
Nahrain
22 (1983–1984): 118–58, offers an excellent appraisal of this remarkable man.

4.
Ana Tavares, “Village, Town, and Barracks: A Fourth Dynasty Settlement at Heit el-Ghurab, Giza,” in Nigel and Helen Strudwick, eds.,
Old Kingdom: New Perspectives
(Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2013), pp. 270–77.

5.
Jeremy McInerney,
The Cattle of the Sun
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), pp. 49–54.

6.
Discussion in Ibid., pp. 54–59.

7.
Homer,
Odyssey
, book 3, lines 6–7.

8.
This section is based on McInerney,
Cattle of the Sun
, a definitive study of Greek cattle sacrifice. For ancient sacrifice in the Mediterranean world generally, see Anne M. Porter and Glenn M. Schwartz, eds.,
Sacred Killing: The Archaeology of Sacrifice in the Ancient Near East
(Warsaw, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2012).

9.
Plutarch's famous remark is quoted by McInerney,
Cattle of the Sun
, p. 36. A description of the sacrificial procedure appears on p. 37.

10.
McInerney,
Cattle of the Sun
, pp. 4–5.

11.
Discussed by ibid., pp. 173–84.

12.
Aristotle,
The Nichomachean Ethics
, trans. H. Rackham (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982), 7:1–2.

13.
Strabo,
Geography
, trans. H. C. Hamilton and W. Falconer (London: George Bell, 1903), 5, 2, 7. See
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0239&redirect=true
.

14.
Marcus Terentius Varro,
De Res Rustica
, trans. W. D. Hooper and Harrison Boyd Ash (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library, 1934), 2:2, 2:11.

15.
Ibid., 1:3.

16.
This passage is based on K. D. White,
Roman Farming
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1970). Also Geoffrey Kron, “Food Production,” in Walter Scheidel, ed.,
The Roman Economy
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2012), pp. 156–74.

17.
Adam Dickson,
A Treatise of Agriculture
(London: A. Donaldson and J. Reid, 1762).

18.
Quotes in this paragraph from Cato the Elder,
De Agricultura
(160
BCE
), trans. W. D. Hooper and Harrison Boyd Ash (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library, 1934), 54:4; on dogs, see Cato,
De Agricultura
1:4.

19.
Columella,
On Agriculture
, vol. 2, books 5–9, trans E. S. Forster and Edward H. Heffner (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1954), 6:2.

Chapter 8
: “Average Joes”

1.
Apuleius,
The Golden Ass
, trans. Sara Ruden (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011), 4:69. Lucius Apuleius (c. 125–180
CE
) was a Numidian Berber who traveled widely. He was a prolific writer, but his most famous work is
The Metamorphoses
, commonly known as
The Golden Ass.
Apuleius was active in several cults, which may account for the protagonist's joining the cult of Isis.

2.
Apuleius,
The Golden Ass
, 11:257.

3.
B. Kimura et al., “Donkey Domestication,”
African Archaeological Review
30, no. 1 (2013): 83–95. On genetics, see B. Kimura et al., “Ancient DNA from Nubian and Somali Wild Ass Provides Insights into Donkey Ancestry and Domestication,”
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
278, no. 1702 (2011): 50–57.

4.
Stine Rossel et al., “Domestication of the Donkey: Timing, Processes, and Indicators,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
105, no. 10 (2008): 3715–20.

5.
Frank Förster, “Beyond Dakhla: The Abu Ballas Trail in the Libyan Desert (SW Egypt),” in Frank Förster and Heiko Riemer,
Desert Road Archaeology in Ancient Egypt and Beyond
(Köln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut 2013), pp. 297–338. Also Stan Hendrickx, Frank Förster, and Meryl Eyckerman, “The Pharaonic Pottery of the Abu Ballas Trail: ‘Filling Stations' along a Desert Highway in Southwestern Egypt,” in Förster and Riemer,
Desert Road Archaeology
, pp. 339–80. This book is an admirable series of papers on the Saharan donkey trade.

6.
Hans Geodicke, “Harkhuf's Travels,”
Journal of Near Eastern Studies
40, no. 1 (1981): 1–20.

7.
Two monographs on the ongoing Theban Desert Road Survey: John Coleman Darnell and Deborah Darnell,
Theban Road Survey in the Egyptian Western Desert. Vol 1: Gebel Tjauti Rock Inscriptions
(Chicago: Oriental Institute Publications, 2002) and John Coleman Darnell,
Theban Desert Road Survey II: The Rock Shrine of Pahu, Gebel Akhenaton, and Other Rock Inscriptions from the Western Hinterland of Naqada
(New Haven, CT: Yale Egyptological Seminar, 2013). See also:
http://www.yale.edu/egyptology/ae_theban.htm
.

8.
On Deir el-Medina's donkey trade, see A. G. McDowell,
Village Life in Ancient Egypt: Laundry Lists and Love Songs
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999). Quotes from pp. 86, 90.

Chapter 9
: The Pickup Trucks of History

1.
H. B. Tristram.
The Natural History of the Bible
(London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1883), p. 39.

2.
G. Bar-Oz et al., “Symbolic Metal Bit and Saddlebag Fastenings in a Middle Bronze Age Donkey Burial,”
PLOS One
8, no. 3 (2013): e58648 doi. 20. 1371/journal.pone. 0058648.

3.
Wisdom of Sirach
, Sir.33, 33:24 (see
http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/r/rsv/rsv-idx?type=DIV1&byte=3977004
The Wisdom of Sirach
), a work of ethical teachings, was written by the Jewish scribe Shimon ben Yeshua ben Eliezer ben Sira of Jerusalem during the early second century
BCE
.