The Invention of News: How the World Came to Know About Itself (69 page)

11.
Matthew Lundin,
Paper Memory: A Sixteenth-Century Townsman Writes his World
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012).

12.
Ibid., p. 243.

13.
Below, Chapter 5.

14.
Andrew Pettegree,
The Book in the Renaissance
(New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 2010).

15.
Below, Chapter 4.

16.
Below, Chapter 7.

17.
Allyson Creasman,
Censorship and Civic Order in Reformation Germany, 1517–1648
(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2012).

18.
Jan Bloemendal, Peter G. F. Eversmann and Else Strietman (eds),
Drama, Performance and Debate: Theatre and Public Opinion in the Early Modern Period
(Leiden: Brill, 2013); and see the remarks about competition between the London theatre and newspapers below, Chapter 12.

19.
As in the French
publier
. See Kate van Orden, ‘Cheap Print and Street Song Following the Saint Bartholomew's Massacres of 1572’, in van Orden (ed.),
Music and the Cultures of Print
(New York: Garland Publishing, 2000), pp. 271–323.

20.
Maximilian Novak,
Daniel Defoe, Master of Fictions: His Life and Ideas
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).

21.
Below, Chapter 15.

Chapter 1 Power and Imagination

1.
Larry Silver,
Marketing Maximilian: The Visual Ideology of a Holy Roman Emperor
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008).

2.
Wolfgang Behringer,
Thurn und Taxis: Die Geschichte ihrer Post und ihrer Unternehmen
(Munich: Piper, 1990); idem,
Im Zeichen des Merkur: Reichspost und Kommunikationsrevolution in der Frühen Neuzeit
(Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003).

3.
A. M. Ramsay, ‘A Roman Postal Service under the Republic’,
Journal of Roman Studies
, 10 (1920), pp. 79–86.

4.
Alan K. Bowman,
Life and Letters on the Roman Frontier: Vindolanda and its People
, 2nd edn (London: British Museum, 2003); Anthony Birley,
Garrison Life at Vindolanda
(Stroud: History Press, 2007).

5.
Alan K. Bowman and Greg Woolf,
Literacy and Power in the Ancient World
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Greg Woolf, ‘Monumental Writing and the Expansion of Roman Society in the Early Empire’,
Journal of Roman Studies
, 86 (1996), pp. 22–39.

6.
M. T. Clanchy,
From Memory to Written Record: England 1066–1307
(Oxford: Blackwell, 1979).

7.
Ibid., p. 261.

8.
Jürg Zulliger, ‘“Ohne Kommunikation würde Chaos herrschen”: Zur Bedeutung von Informationsaustauch, Briefverkehr und Boten bei Bernhard von Clairvaux’,
Archiv für Kulturgeschichte
, 78 (1996), pp. 251–76.

9.
Chris Given-Wilson,
Chronicles: The Writing of History in Medieval England
(London: Hambledon, 2004), p. 21.

10.
Ibid., p. 13.

11.
J. K. Hyde, ‘Italian Pilgrim Literature in the Late Middle Ages’, in his
Literacy and its Uses: Studies on Late Medieval Italy
(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993), pp. 136–61.

12.
Sophia Menache,
The Vox Dei: Communication in the Middle Ages
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 116.

13.
Lorraine Daston and Katharine Park,
Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150–1750
(New York: Zone, 2001).

14.
Hyde, ‘Ethnographers in Search of an Audience’, in his
Literacy and its Uses
, pp. 162–216.

15.
Jonathan Sumption,
Pilgrimage: An Image of Medieval Religi
on (London: Faber, 1975), p. 257; Debra Birch, ‘Jacques de Vitry and the Ideology of Pilgrimage’, in J. Stopford (ed.),
Pilgrimage Explored
(Woodbridge: York Medieval Press, 1999).

16.
Dianna Webb,
Pilgrims and Pilgrimage in the Medieval West
(London: I. B. Tauris, 2001); Sumption,
Pilgrimage
.

17.
Albert Kapr,
Johann Gutenberg: The Man and his Invention
(London: Scolar Press, 1996), pp. 71–5.

18.
Debra Birch,
Pilgrimage to Rome in the Middle Ages
(Woodbridge: Boydell, 1998).

19.
It is illustrated in Peter Spufford,
Power and Profit: The Merchant in Medieval Europe
(London: Thames and Hudson, 2002), p. 23.

20.
Ambassadorial correspondence is discussed below, Chapter 5.

21.
Yves Renouard, ‘Comment les papes d'Avignon expédiaient leur courrier’,
Revue historique
, 180 (1937), pp. 1–29; idem,
The Avignon Papacy, 1305–1403
(London: Faber, 1970); Anne-Marie Hayez, ‘Les courriers des papes d'Avignon sous Innocent VI et Urbain V (1352–1370)’, in
La circulation des nouvelles au moyen âge
(Paris: Sorbonne, 1994), pp. 37–46.

22.
Renouard, ‘Les papes d'Avignon’, pp. 20–3.

23.
A letter destined for Rome written on 3 March 1321 did not depart Avignon until 18 April. A letter for Venice written on 6 October 1321 departed on 31 October. A letter for Poitiers in 1360 was delayed for two months before despatch. Renouard, ‘Les papes d'Avignon’, p. 28.

24.
Suzanne Budelot,
Messageries universitaires et messageries royales
(Paris: Domat, 1934).

25.
The four ‘nations’ in Paris, rather loosely defined, were France, Picardy, Normandy and England. The English ‘nation’ included the students from central and northern Europe. Hilde de Rodder-Symoens (ed.),
A History of the University in Europe. Volume I: Universities in the Middle Ages
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 114.

26.
C. H. Haskins, ‘The Lives of Mediaeval Students as Illustrated in their Letters’, in his
Studies in Mediaeval Culture
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1929), pp. 1–35.

27.
Alain Boureau, ‘The Letter-Writing Norm, a Mediaeval Invention’, in Roger Chartier (ed.),
Correspondence: Models of Letter-Writing from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century
(Cambridge: Polity, 1997), pp. 24–58.

28.
Haskins, ‘Lives of Medieval Students’, p. 10.

29.
Ibid., pp. 15–16.

30.
Below, Chapter 15.

31.
Philip O. Beale,
A History of the Post in England from the Romans to the Stuarts
(Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998), p. 22.

32.
Ibid., pp. 24–7.

33.
J. K. Hyde, ‘The Role of Diplomatic Correspondence and Reporting’, in his
Literacy and its Uses
, pp. 217–59, here pp. 224–6.

34.
Ibid., p. 244.

35.
Below, Chapter 5.

36.
Beale,
History of the Post
, pp. 30–39.

37.
Given-Wilson,
Chronicles
, p. 109.

38.
Beale,
History of the Post
, pp. 84–6.

39.
La circulation des nouvelles
.

40.
C. A. J. Armstrong, ‘Some Examples of the Distribution and Speed of News in England at the Time of the Wars of the Roses’, in his
England, France and Burgundy in the Fifteenth Century
(London: Hambledon, 1983), pp. 97–122.

41.
See Armstrong, ‘Some Examples’, p. 100; James Gairdner (ed.),
Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles
(London: Camden Society, 1880), pp. 156 ff.

42.
Below, Chapter 4.

43.
B. Guenée, ‘Les campagnes de lettres qui ont suivi le meurtre de Jean sans Peur, duc de Bourgogne (septembre 1419–février 1420)’,
Annuaire-Bulletin de la Société de l'Histoire de France
(1993), pp. 45–65.

44.
Craig Taylor, ‘War, Propaganda and Diplomacy in Fifteenth-Century France and England’, in Christopher Allmand (ed.),
War, Government and Power in Late Medieval France
(Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2000), pp. 70–91.

45.
Armstrong, ‘Some Examples’, p. 99.

46.
Budelot,
Messageries universitaires et messageries royales
; E. John B. Allen, ‘The Royal Posts of France in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries’,
Postal History Journal
, 15 (January 1971).

47.
Armstrong, ‘Some Examples’, p. 107.

48.
Menache,
Vox Dei
.

49.
Armstrong, ‘Some Examples’, p. 101.

Chapter 2 The Wheels of Commerce

1.
Iris Origo,
The Merchant of Prato: Francesco di Marco Datini
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1957), p. 90.

2.
In addition there are ten thousand letters exchanged between Datini and his wife, who was left to manage the household in Prato when Datini moved to Florence. These are the main focus of Origo's study.

3.
David Nicholas,
Medieval Flanders
(London: Longman, 1992). James M. Murray,
Bruges, Cradle of Capitalism, 1280–1390
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).

4.
Edwin S. Hunt,
The Medieval Super-Companies: A Study of the Peruzzi Company of Florence
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

5.
Raymond de Roover,
Money, Banking and Credit in Medieval Bruges
(Cambridge, MA: 1948).

6.
See here the fourteenth-century ‘Itinéraire de Bruges’, ed. E.-T. Hamy, in Gilles le Bouvier,
Le livre de la description des pays
(Paris: Leroux, 1908), pp. 157–216.

7.
Peter Spufford,
Power and Profit: The Merchant in Medieval Europe
(London: Thames and Hudson, 2002), pp. 143–52.

8.
Frederic C. Lane,
Andrea Barbarigo, Merchant of Venice, 1418–1449
(Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1944), p. 20.

9.
Spufford,
Power and Profit
, pp. 25–8.

10.
Lane,
Andrea Barbarigo
, pp. 199–200. Barbarigo's letters from Valencia seldom arrived in under thirty days, and the norm was nearer forty.

11.
Federigo Melis, ‘Intensità e regolarità nella diffusione dell'informazione economica generale nel Mediterraneo e in Occidente alla fine del Medioevo’, in
Mélanges en l'honneur de Fernand Braudel
, 2 vols (Toulouse: Privat, 1973), I, 389–424. Spufford,
Power and Profit
, p. 27.

12.
Philip O. Beale,
A History of the Post in England from the Romans to the Stuarts
(Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998), p. 33.

13.
C. A. J. Armstrong, ‘Some Examples of the Distribution and Speed of News in England at the Time of the Wars of the Roses’, in his
England, France and Burgundy in the Fifteenth Century
(London: Hambledon, 1983), pp. 97–122, here p. 109.

14.
A. Grunzweig,
Correspondence de la filiale de Bruges de Medici
(Brussels: Lamertin, 1931), I, 130–45.

15.
Below, Chapter 5.

16.
Hunt,
Medieval Super-Companies
, p. 73.

17.
A point appreciated by the Milanese ambassador when he recommended the use of the merchant post: ‘the Genoa letter bag will be of good use, but get more such Florentine merchants as are in your confidence, as their correspondence passes through France without impediment and is but little searched’. Quoted in Beale,
A History of the Post in England
, p. 160.

18.
E. John B. Allen,
Post and Courier Service in the Diplomacy of Early Modern Europe
, vol. 3 (The Hague: Nijhoff, International Archive of the History of Ideas, 1972).

19.
Richard Goldthwaite,
The Economy of Renaissance Florence
, (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press), p. 94.