The Invitation-Only Zone (31 page)

  
4
. Interview with the author, Tokyo, Japan, June 12, 2009.

2. The Meiji Moment: Japan Becomes Modern

  
1
. Kenneth B. Pyle, “The Japanese Self-Image,”
Journal of Japanese Studies
5, no. 1 (Winter 1979): 2.

  
2
. “Characteristics of the International Fair,”
Atlantic Monthly
, July 1876, p. 88.

  
3
. Quoted in Carl Dawson,
Lafcadio Hearn and the Vision of Japan
(Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 16.

  
4
. Christopher Benfey,
The Great Wave: Guilded Age Misfits, Japanese Eccentries, and the Opening of Old Japan
(New York: Random House, 2003), pp. 50–64.

  
5
. L. O. Howard, “Biographical Memoir of Edward Sylvester Morse” (paper presented at the National Academy of Sciences Annual Meeting, Charlottesville, Virginia, 1935), p. 7.

  
6
. Eikoh Shimao, “Darwinism in Japan, 1877–1927,”
Annals of Science
38, no. 1 (1981): 93–102.

  
7
. Hyung Il-pai,
Heritage Management in Korea and Japan: The Politics of Antiquity and Identity
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2013), p. 97.

  
8
. Gina L. Barnes, “The ‘Idea of Prehistory’ in Japan,”
Antiquity
, December 1, 1990, p. 929.

  
9
. Edward Morse, “Traces of an Early Race in Japan,”
Popular Science Monthly
, January 1879.

10
. Edward Burnett Tylor,
Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custom
(London: John Murray, 1871).

11
. Peter Duus,
The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea, 1895–1910
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), p. 414.

12
. Tessa Morris-Suzuki,
Re-inventing Japan: Time, Space, Nation
(New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1997), p. 87.

13
. Carol Gluck,
Japan’s Modern Myths: Ideology in the Late Meiji Period
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985), p. 159.

14
. Hyong Il-pai,
Heritage Management
, p. 99.

15
. Urs Matthias Zachmann, “Race and International Law in Japan’s New Order in East Asia, 1938–1945,” in
Race and Racism in Modern East Asia: Western and Eastern Constructions
, edited by Rotem Kowner and Walter Demel (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2013), pp. 456–57.

16
. Tessa Morris-Suzuki, “Becoming Japanese: Imperial Expansion and Identity Crises in the Early Twentieth Century,” in
Japan’s Competing Modernities: Issues in Culture and Democracy 1900–1930
, edited by Sharon A. Minichiello (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1998), p. 173.

17
. Ryuzo Torii, “Watashi no miru Chosen” [My view of Korea],
Chōsen
284 (January 1939): 37–39.

3. Reunited in North Korea

  
1
. Interview with the author, Kashiwazaki, Japan, May 11, 2008.

  
2
. Andrei Lankov,
The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 49.

  
3
. Kaoru Hasuike,
Rachi to Ketsudan
[Abduction and decision] (Tokyo: Shinchōsha, 2012), p. 110.

  
4
. Ibid., p. 96.

  
5
. Ibid., p. 70.

4. Japan and Korea’s “Common Origins”

  
1
. Richard Sims, “France 16 December 1872–17 February 1873, 15–20 July 1873,” in
The Iwakura Mission in America and Europe: A New Assessment
, edited by Ian Nish (Richmond, England: Japan Library, 2005), p. 45.

  
2
. Eric Hobsbawm,
Age of Empire: 1875–1914
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1987), p. 59.

  
3
. Alexis Dudden,
Japan’s Colonization of Korea: Discourse and Power
(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2006), p. 4.

  
4
. Hyung Il-pai, “Capturing Visions of Japan’s Prehistoric Past: Torii Ryuzo’s Field Photographs of ‘Primitive’ Races and Lost Civilizations (1896–1915),” in
Looking Modern: East Asian Visual Culture from Treaty Ports to World War II, Symposium Volume
, edited by Jennifer Purtle and Hans Bjarne Thomsen, The Center for the Art of East Asia (Chicago: Art Media Resources, 2009), p. 269.

  
5
. Akitoshi Shimizu, “Colonialism and the development of modern anthropology in Japan,” in
Anthropology and Colonialism in Asia and Oceania
, edited by Jan van Bremen and Akitoshi Shimizu (London: Routledge/Curzon Press, 1999), p. 133.

  
6
. Duus,
The Abacus and the Sword
, p. 422.

  
7
. August 29, 1910.

  
8
. Mark E. Caprio,
Japanese Assimilationist Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910–1945
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2009), p. 83.

  
9
. Eiji Oguma,
A Genealogy of Japanese Self-Images
(Melbourne: Trans Pacific Press, 2002), pp. 82–85.

10
. E. Taylor Atkins,
Primitive Selves: Koreana in the Japanese Colonial Gaze, 1910–1945
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010), p. 101.

11
. Hyung Il-pai,
Heritage Management
, p. 150.

12
. Hyung Il-pai, “Travel Guides to the Empire: The Production of Tourist Images in Colonial Korea,” in
Consuming Korean Tradition in Early and Late Modernity
, edited by Laurel Kendall (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2011), pp. 67–87.

13
. Bruce Cumings, “The Legacy of Japanese Colonialism in Korea,” in
The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945
, edited by Ramon Hawley Myers and Mark R. Peattie (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), p. 482.

14
. B. R. Myers,
The Cleanest Race: How North Koreans See Themselves and Why It Matters
(New York: Melville House, 2010), p. 27.

15
. Hwaji Shin, “Colonial Legacy of Ethno-Racial Inequality in Japan,”
Theory and Society
39 (2010): 86–87.

16
. Mitsuhiko Kimura, “Standards of Living in Colonial Korea: Did the Masses Become Worse Off or Better Off Under Japanese Rule?”
Journal of Economic History
53 (September 1993): 641.

17
. Shin, “Colonial Legacy,” p. 331.

18
. Voter registration was based on residence. Even native Japanese living in Korea and other colonies could not vote.

19
. Brandon Palmer,
Fighting for the Enemy: Koreans in Japan’s War, 1937–1945
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2013), p. 11.

20
. Ibid., p. 19.

21
. Ibid., p. 37.

22
. Myers,
The Cleanest Race
, p. 32.

23
. Palmer,
Fighting for the Enemy
, p. 80.

24
. Mark E. Caprio and Yu Jia, “Legacies of Empire and Occupation: The Making of the Korean Diaspora in Japan,”
Asia-Pacific Journal
37, no. 3 (September 14, 2009).

25
. Oguma,
A Genealogy of Japanese Self-Images
, p. 305.

26
. Arnaud Nanta, “Physical Anthropology and the Reconstruction of Japanese Identity in Postcolonial Japan,”
Social Science Japan Journal
11, no. 1 (2008): 31.

27
. Ibid., p. 30.

28
. Hyung Il-pai, “The Politics of Korea’s Past: The Legacy of Japanese Colonial Archaeology in the Korean Peninsula,”
East Asian History
7 (June 1994): 28.

29
. Myers,
The Cleanest Race
, pp. 33–34.

5. Adapting to North Korea

  
1
. Interview with the author, Kashiwazaki, Japan, June 19, 2010.

  
2
. Hasuike,
Rachi to Ketsudan
, p. 110.

  
3
. Ibid.

  
4
. Interview with the author, Kashiwazaki, Japan, June 19, 2010.

  
5
. Sonia Ryang,
Reading North Korea: An Ethnological Inquiry
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2012), p. 25.

  
6
. Interview with the author, Kashiwazaki, Japan, June 19, 2010.

  
7
. Lankov,
The Real North Korea
, p. 60.

  
8
. Suh Dae-sook,
Kim Il Sung: The North Korean Leader
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), p. 38.

  
9
. Ibid., pp. 30–31.

10
. Paul French,
North Korea: State of Paranoia
(London: Zed Books, 2014), p. 79.

11
. Haruki Wada,
Kin Nichisei to Manshu konichi senso
[Kim Il Sung and the anti-Japanese war in Manchuria] (Tokyo: Heibonsha, 1992).

12
. Myers,
The Cleanest Race
, pp. 108–109.

13
. Ryang,
Reading North Korea
, p. 191.

14
. Hasuike,
Rachi to Ketsudan
, p. 40.

6. Abduction as Statecraft

  
1
. Tessa Morris-Suzuki, “Re-Imagining Japan–North Korea Relations, Part I,” The Japan Institute, p. 29.

  
2
. Interview with author, Seoul, South Korea, May 16, 2009.

  
3
. Interview with author, Seoul, South Korea, May 13, 2009.

  
4
. French,
North Korea
, p. 59.

  
5
. Shin Sang-ok and Choi Eun-hee,
Kim Jong Il wangguk
[The kingdom of Kim Jong-Il] (Seoul: Tonga Il-bosa, 1988).

  
6
. Andrei Lankov,
North of the DMZ: Essays on Daily Life in North Korea
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2007), p. 62.

  
7
. Shin and Choi,
Kim Jong Il wangguk
.

  
8
. A pseudonym.

  
9
. Interview with the author, Tokyo, Japan, May 22, 2009.

10
. Hwang Jang-yop, “The Problem of Human Rights in North Korea,”
Daily NK
, 2002,
http://www.dailynk.com/english/keys/2002/9/04.php
.