The Italians (49 page)

Jews, 18, 66–67, 123–24, 165

oppression of, 122–23, 206

John Paul II, Pope, 53, 134, 135, 194

Joseph, Saint, 166

journalism,
see
media

judges, 259–63, 265, 266–67

jus sanguinis (“right of blood”), 278–79

justice system,
see
legal system

Juventus Football Club, 205, 207, 213–15

kidnappings, by mafia, 233

Knox, Amanda, trial of, 49–50

Ladin language, 26–27

Lampedusa island, 5

L’Aquila, 6

lasagna, 99

Lateran Pacts, 121, 127

Latin America, 48, 220, 229, 241, 276

Latin language, 65

Latium, 7

Lautsi, Soile, 121

lay judges, 259–60, 265

Lazio region, 7–9, 25, 232, 285

Lazzaro, Urbano, 50–51

Ledda, Gavino, 257
n

legal system, 249–68

Berlusconi’s changes in, 247–48

cheating and perjury in, 63

circumventing of, 251–53, 258, 289–90

complexity of, 41–42, 254, 259–60

cruelty of, 260–61

divorce in, 129, 142, 174–75

family law in, 174

forgiveness vs. retribution in, 253–68

homosexuality and, 167–68

lack of deterrents for corruption in, 242–43

lenient sentencing in, 254–56, 258

politics and, 266–68

reform of, 262, 265–66

subjective truth in, 45, 49–50

see also
specific cases and trials

Lent, 93–94

Leo III, Pope, 12–13, 15–16

Leonardo da Vinci, 3, 28

lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community (LGBT), 168–69

see also
homosexuals

Letta, Enrico, 113, 150

Levi, Primo, 123, 150

Liberation Day (April 25), 58

life, Italian reverence for, 10–91

Liguria region, 10

Ljunge, Martin, 183–84

Loffredo, Ferdinando, 142–43

Lombards, 14–15, 18, 20, 26, 28, 67, 271
n

Lombardy region, 9–10, 131–32, 243, 285

Lonati, Bruno, 51–52

Lotta Continua (Continuous Struggle), 259

lotteries, 116–18, 134, 136–37

lottizzazione,
108, 219–20

Luxottica, 177, 187

McDonald’s, 97, 190

Machiavelli, Niccolò, 104, 271, 287, 292

Madonna, 155, 158

mafias,
mafiosi,
7, 32, 68, 134, 215, 223–36, 254, 264, 272

assassinations by, 230

extent and impact of, 231–36

hierarchy of, 229–30

historical perspective of, 228, 235, 236

prosecutions of, 230, 233, 234

unique characteristics of, 229–31

use of term, 216, 226

see also
specific criminal organizations

magistratura,
266–67

Magistratura Democratica, 267–68

Magistratura Indipendente, 267–68

Magnani, Anna, 143–44

mammisimo
(son’s dependence on mother), 164–66

Manacorda, Marco, 179–81

Manifesto di rivolta femminile,
144–45

Mani Pulite
investigation,
see
Clean Hands investigation

Mantua, Duchy of, 122, 271

Marche region, 8, 184

marriage, 64, 158, 274, 293

declining rate of, 174–75, 178

extended families in, 165–66

gay, 129, 169

gender roles in, 154–55

support from parents in, 178–79

Marxists, 52, 144, 263
n,
267

Masina, Giulietta, 143–44

masks, in Italian culture, 64–65, 71

Mastroianni, Marcello, 152, 158, 189

masturbation, 157–58

maternity leave, 152–53

Maxi Trial, 230, 233

Max Planck Institute, 64, 264

Mazzini, Giuseppe, 125, 127, 165, 170

Medaglia d’oro al valore militare, 140, 141
n

media, 45, 46, 61, 67, 95, 130, 161, 172, 209, 258, 264

ambiguity in, 47–48, 190–91

Berlusconi’s power in, 70, 78–79, 81, 83–84, 149, 191, 220, 263

conventions of, 46–48, 133–34

women exploited in, 145–46, 152, 210

Mediaset network, 84–85, 146, 177

Mediterranean Sea, 5, 10, 21

Memores Domini, 131–32

menefreghismo
(indifference toward others), 88, 185

Menguzzato, Clorinda “Veglia,” 139–41

Mezzogiorno, 6, 17, 26, 49, 134, 168, 184, 223, 234, 236
n

emigration from, 9

mafia in, 228–29

migration to north 128–29, 234, 274–76

in unification, 272, 275–76

“Mezzogiorno question,” 276

Michelangelo, 1–3, 8, 12, 65

Middle Ages, 12–19, 25, 99, 122, 184, 202, 242, 275

Mieli, Paolo, 124

Milan, 4, 26, 51–52, 70, 80, 102, 116
n,
187, 194, 211, 235, 236, 241, 256, 259, 264, 265

as business and financial capital, 9, 132, 224, 234–35, 243

Duchy of, 21, 22, 122, 271

mafia presence in, 234–35

Minister for Simplification, 40–42

Ministry of Pardon and Justice, 253

Misseri, Michele, 56

mistresses, 160–61

Molise region, 6, 27

Montanari, Massimo, 100–101

Monti, Mario, 34, 41, 81, 112, 133
n

moral relativism, 44–45

Moretti, Enrico, 179–81

mothers, 171–72, 257

in home vs. workplace, 152–53

relationship of sons to, 162–66

reverence for, 152, 154, 165

motion pictures, 33, 76, 100, 188, 189, 257
n,
292–93

Church approval of, 128

depiction of women in, 143, 157

of 1950s and 1960s, 111–12

motorini
(mopeds), 250–51

murders, 49–50, 56
n,
68–69, 254, 258, 259

Muslims, 18, 40, 107, 122, 130

Sicily under, 18, 26, 99, 130

Mussolini, Benito, 35, 36, 81, 123, 204, 249, 250, 267

confusion surrounding execution of, 50–52

fall of, 35, 58, 219, 254

fantasia
used by, 56–57

Italy under, 7, 107, 127, 199, 205–6, 219, 290

on women, 142–43

Muti, Riccardo, 269–87

Nabucco
(Verdi), 66–67

Naples, 4, 5, 7, 18, 23, 63, 94, 102, 104, 107, 111, 136, 141, 146, 202, 231, 233, 235, 275, 277

cuisine of, 97, 98–99, 100

mafia in,
see
Camorra

Napoleonic Code, 262

Napolitano, Giorgio, 73–74, 112

national anthem, 29–30, 120

natural disasters, 106–7

Nazis, 31, 123, 203, 206

’Ndrangheta, 5–6, 125–26, 172, 229–35, 264

Neapolitan dialect, 28

neo-Fascists, 31, 36
n,
52, 72, 79, 84, 204, 291

nepotismo
(nepotism), 242–43

Nobel Prize, 123, 132, 259

Normans, 18–19, 26, 122

northern Italy, 23–26, 184, 253
n,
271

as center of industry, 8, 9, 28, 205, 234

early territorial fragmentation of, 16–17, 19, 20

migration from south to, 9, 128–29, 234, 274–76

Northern League, 40, 67–68, 79, 84, 243, 269, 271
n,
273, 281

nuns, 132, 293

Nutella, 10, 177

oil, discovery of, 6, 43

opera, 3, 4, 66–67, 76

organized crime, 6, 201, 226, 227–36, 264

family ethic in, 178, 273

Freemasonry and, 125–26

see also
mafias;
specific organizations

Orthodox Christianity, 26, 121, 130

Orvieto, 8, 59
n,
203

Ostrogoths, 14, 20

Ottoman Empire, 20, 27, 31

“Padania,” “Padanians,” 67–68, 271
n,
272

Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana (Square Colosseum), 199–200

Palermo, 18, 19, 60, 99, 229, 230, 232, 235, 264, 275

Panorama,
84, 94, 130

papacy, 7, 126, 137, 202

election and proclamation of new pope in, 119–23, 194

Holy Roman Empire vs., 16, 19, 202–3

in invasions, 12, 15

Italian pride in, 3, 134

Rome and, 14–16, 25

temporal power of, 3, 20, 126–27

see also
Vatican;
specific popes

Papal States, 2, 15–17, 25, 92, 122, 126, 275

parents, 113, 178–79, 257

Parma, 9, 203

partigiani
(partisans), 34–35, 50–51, 58

Partito Communista Italiano (PCI), 23, 82

Pasolini, Pier Paolo, 53–54

pasta, 99–100, 103

patronage, political, 244–46

Paul IV, Pope, 122

Paul VI, Pope, 161

Pavese, Cesare, 90

Pavia, 36, 203

pentapartito
(anti-Communist parties), 219–20

Pepin, king of the Franks, 12, 15–16

Perugia, 4, 50, 126

Petacci, Clara, 51–52, 123

Petrarch, 1, 3

Petrolio
(Pasolini), 53–54

Piazza Venezia, Rome, 249–51, 253

Piedmont region, 9–10, 22, 26, 124, 127, 196, 213, 236, 243, 253
n,
257, 271–72, 275, 277, 278, 285

pink, gender stereotyping of, 149, 167

Pinocchio
(Collodi), 60, 191

Pio, Padre, 135–36

Pirandello, Luigi, 54–55, 66, 249

Pius IX, Pope, 2, 127, 219

Pius V, Pope, 98, 122

pizza,
98–99

pizza pasquale,
94

pizzo
(protection money), 232