The Jefferson Lies (32 page)

45
. “Poststructuralist Approaches,” cnr.edu, accessed October 13, 2009,
http://www2.cnr.edu/home/bmcmanus/poststructuralism.html
.

46
.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online
, s.v. “
particularism
,” accessed November 9, 2011,
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/445119/particularism
;
Encyclopædia Britannica Online
, s.v. “anthropology,” accessed November 09, 2011; “Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy, Identity Politics,” Stanford University accessed June, 16 2011,
https://leibniz.stanford.edu/friends/preview/identity-politics/
.
See also
“Identity Politics” or “Particularism,” Merriam-Webster, accessed October 24, 2011,
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/particularism?show=0&t=1308259578
.

220

47
. Isaac Kramnick and Laurence Moore,
The Godless Constitution
(New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 12, 22, 27 passim.

48
.
See
Ross Anderson, “ACLU President Says Organization Is Not Anti-Religion.” University Wire, 2006, HighBeam Research, accessed November 14, 2011,
http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-119656688.html
; Jill Goetz, “Authors Argue the Religious Right Is Wrong about the Constitution,”
Cornell Chronicle
, accessed February 3, 2011,
http://www.news.cornell.edu/chronicle/96/2.1.96/godless.html
; Ed Buckner, “It's a Free Country, Not a Christian Nation,” Stephenjaygould.com, 1998, accessed October 24, 2011,
http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/buckner_ncn.html
; Matthew Dallek, “The Godless Constitution,”
Washington Post
, February 18, 1996, accessed October 24, 2011,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/reviews/matthewdallek.htm
.

49
. Kramnick and Moore,
The Godless Constitution
, 179.

L
IE
#1: T
HOMAS
J
EFFERSON
F
ATHERED
S
ALLY
H
EMINGS
' C
HILDREN

1
. Eugene A. Foster et al., “Jefferson Fathered Slave's Last Child,”
Nature
396 (November 5, 1998), 27–28.

2
. Eric Lander and Joseph Ellis, “Founding Father,”
Nature
396 (November 5, 1998), 1.

3
. Christopher Hitchens, “What Do Jefferson and Clinton Have in Common (Besides Randiness)?”
Ivory Tower
, November 18, 1998, accessed October 24, 2011,
http://www1.salon.com/it/feature/1998/11/cov_18featureb.html
.

4
. Dr. David N. Mayer, “The Thomas Jefferson-Sally Hemings Myth and the Politicization of American History,” John M. Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs, April 9, 2001, accessed October 24, 2011,
http://www.ashbrook.org/articles/mayer-hemings.html
.

5
. Henry Gee, “The Sex Life of President Thomas Jefferson,” Nature News, November 12, 1998, accessed October 24, 2011,
http://www.nature.com/news/1998/981112/full/news981112-1.html
.

6
. Mayer, “The Thomas Jefferson-Sally Hemings Myth and the Politicization of American History.”

7
.
See
Andrea Dworkin,
Woman Hating
(New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1974), 184; Gloria Steinem,
Revolution from Within: A Book of Self-Esteem
(Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1992), 259–261; Marilyn French,
The War Against Women
(New York: Summit Books, 1992), 182; Robin Morgan,
The Word of a Woman
(New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1992), 84; Catharine A. MacKinnon,
Feminism Unmodified
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987), 88; Naomi Wolf,
The Beauty Myth
(New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1991), 138; Andrea Dworkin,
Our Blood
(New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 20; Andrea Dworkin,
Letters from a War Zone: Writings 1976
–
1989
(New York: E. P. Dutton, 1988), 14, 118–119; Christina Hoff Sommers,
Who Stole Feminism? How Women Have Betrayed Women
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), 44–46, 220, 222.

8
. Peter S. Onuf, “Every Generation Is an ‘Independent Nation': Colonization, Miscegenation, and the Fate of Jefferson's Children,”
The William and Mary Quarterly
, 3rd. ser., vol. 57, no. 1 (January 2000), 157.

221

9
. Fawn M. Brodie,
Thomas Jefferson, An Intimate History
(New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1974); Barbara Chase-Riboud,
Sally Hemings: A Novel
(New York: St. Martin's Press, 1979); Annette Gordon-Reed,
Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy
(Charlottesville: The University Press of Virginia, 1997).

10
. Several historical studies indicate that sexual relations between white masters and black slaves occurred only in a small minority of cases and that the overwhelming majority of white masters did not exercise a sexual prerogative over their female slaves. For example, by 1850, the American population had grown to a burgeoning 23.2 million; the slave population was 3.2 million, or 13.8 percent of the total population. Among the black population, over the sixty years since the first census in 1790, census numbers show a maximum of 11.2 percent of the 1850 population to be mulatto, which represents only 1.55 percent of the total America population.
See
, J. D. B. DeBow,
Statistical View of the United States, Embracing Its Territory, Population—White, Free Colored, and Slave—Moral and Social Condition, Industry, Property, and Revenue; the Detailed Statistics of Cities, Towns, and Counties; Being a Compendium of the Seventh Census
(Washington, DC: Beverley Tucker, 1854), 39, 63, 82; Department of Commerce Bureau of the Census, dir. William J. Harris,
Negroes in the United States
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1915), 129:15.
See also
Edward Byron Reuter,
The Mulatto in the United States
(Boston: The Gorham Press, 1918), 116.. Yet despite the clear statistical facts and numerous studies, writers such as Peter S. Onuf, “Every Generation Is an ‘Independent Nation': Colonization, Miscegenation, and the Fate of Jefferson's Children,”
The William and Mary Quarterly
, (January 2000), 3rd. ser., vol. 57, no. 1, wherein he uniformly stereotypes all Anglos by decrying the “whites' despotic power over their . . . female slaves' bodies” (157); “the despotic power of white masters over the bodies of black female slaves,” (158); “white men exploited black women” (160); “White slave owners exploited their slave women” (160) passim.

11
. Eugene A. Foster et al., “Reply: The Thomas Jefferson Paternity Case,”
Nature
396 (January 7, 1999), 32.

12
. Thomas Jefferson,
The Papers of Thomas Jefferson
, ed. Barbara B. Oberg, vol. 31 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), 274.

13
.
See
Jone Johnson Lewis, “Mistress of Thomas Jefferson?” About.com, accessed July 14, 2011,
http://womenshistory.about.com/od/hemingssally/a/sally_hemings.htm
; Gordon-Reed,
Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings
, 1, 72; Brodie,
Thomas Jefferson, An Intimate History
, 228–232.

14
. The children generally agreed upon by most scholars include Thomas (born in 1790), Harriet I (apparently died in infancy), Beverly (son, born 1798), Harriet II (1801), Madison (1805), and Eston (1808). However, authorities from Monticello, where Hemings was a slave, indicate that she had six children. Other modern writers have placed the number of Hemings' children at anywhere from four to seven or more. For example:
four children
—“Sally Hemings,”
New York Times
, accessed February 24, 2011,
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/h/sally_hemings/index.html
;
five children
—McKenzie Wallenborn, “Dr. Wallenborn's Minority Report,” Monticello, March 23, 2000, accessed October 24, 2011,
http://www.monticello.org/site/plantation-and-slavery/minority-report-monticello-research-committee-thomas-jefferson-and-sally
);
six children
—“Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: A Brief Account,” Monticello, accessed February 24, 2011,
http://www.monticello.org/plantation/hemingscontro/hemings-jefferson_contro.html
; Lewis, “Sally Hemings: Mistress of Thomas Jefferson?”; R. F. Holznagel and Paul Hehn, “
Who2.com
profile of Sally Hemings,” Who2.com, accessed February 24, 2011,
http://www.who2.com/sallyhemings.html
; and
seven children
—Glenn Speark, “‘The Hemingses of Monticello' by Annette Gordon-Reed: A Look at the Third President, His Slave Mistress and the Antebellum South,”
Los Angeles Times
, November 14, 2008, accessed October 24, 2011,
http://articles.latimes.com/2008/nov/14/entertainment/et-book14
; and
other varying numbers
—Patrick Mullins, “Scholars Overturn Case for Thomas Jefferson's Relationship with Slave Sally Hemings,” Capitalism Magazine, June 2, 2001, accessed November 17, 2011,
http://www.tjheritage.org/newscomfiles/CapitalismMagazine.pdf
; “Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: Case Closed?” Claremont Institute, August 30, 2001, accessed October 24, 2011,
http://www.claremont.org/publications/crb/id.1015/article_detail.asp
; Harry Hellenbrand, review of “Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy,” by Annette Gordon-Reed, H-Net Reviews, February, 1998, accessed October 24, 2011,
www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showpdf.cgi?path=8812887909950
.

15
.
See
Jan Lewis, Joseph J. Ellis, Lucia Stanton, Peter S. Onuf, Annette Gordon-Reed, Andrew Burstein, and Fraser D. Neiman, comments in the forum published in
The William and Mary Quarterly
, 2nd ser., vol. 7, no. 1, (January 2000) 121–210.

16
. Eric Lander and Joseph Ellis, “Founding Father,”
Nature
396 (November 5, 1998), 1.

17
. Joseph J. Ellis, “Jefferson: Post-DNA,”
The William and Mary Quarterly
, 3rd ser., vol. 57, no. 1 (January 2000), 136, n14.

18
. Barbra Murray and Brian Duffy, “Jefferson's Secret Life,” U. S. News Online, November 9, 1998, accessed October 24, 2011,
http://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/981109/archive_005152.htm
.

19
. Dinitia Smith and Nicholas Wade, “DNA Tests Offer Evidence that Jefferson Fathers a Child with His Slave,”
The New York Times “Science
,” November 1, 1998.

20
. Dennis Cauchon, “Jefferson Affair No Longer Rumor,”
USA Today
, November 2, 1998.

21
. Donna Britt, “A Slaveholder's Hypocrisy Was Inevitable,”
Washington Post
, November 6, 1998, B01.

22
. Clarence Page, “New Disclosures Show Two Thomas Jeffersons,”
Chicago Tribune
, November 5, 1998, 1.

23
. Ibid., 2.

24
. Hitchens, “What Do Jefferson and Clinton Have in Common,” 3–4

25
. Richard Cohen, “Grand Illusion,”
Washington Post
, December 13, 1998, W10.

26
. Page, “New Disclosures Show Two Thomas Jeffersons,” 2.

27
. Smith and Wade, “DNA Test Finds Evidence.”

28
. Annette Gordon-Reed, “The All Too Human Jefferson,”
Wall Street Journal
, November 24, 1998, in Dr. David N. Mayer, “The Thomas Jefferson-Sally Hemings Myth and the Politicization of American History,” John M. Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs, April 9, 2001, accessed October 24, 2011,
http://www.ashbrook.org/articles/mayer-hemings.html
.

29
. Ellis, “Jefferson: Post-DNA,” 130.

30
. Eugene A. Foster et al., “Jefferson Fathered Slave's Last Child,”
Nature
396 (November 5, 1998), 27–28.

31
. Foster et al. “Reply: The Thomas Jefferson Paternity Case,” 32.

32
.
The Jefferson-Hemings Controversy Report of the Scholars Commission
, ed. Robert F. Turner (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2011), 11.

33
. Ibid., 8.

34
. Gene Edward Veith, “Founder's DNA Revisited,”
World
, February 20, 1999, 24.

35
. Mona Charen, “Was Jefferson Libeled by DNA?”
Jewish World Review
, January 19, 1999, accessed October 25, 2011,
http://jewishworldreview.com/cols/charen011999asp
.

36
. Herbert Barger, “The Jefferson-Hemings DNA Study,” Angel Fire, last updated August 30, 2000, accessed October 24, 2011,
http://www.angelfire.com/va/TJTruth/background.html
.

37
. For a list of the professors and the schools they're associated with, see this link:
http://www.tjheritage.org/scholars.html
.

38
.
The Jefferson-Hemings Controversy Report of the Scholars Commission
, ed. Turner, 6.

39
. Ibid., 16.

40
. Foster et al., “Reply: The Thomas Jefferson Paternity Case,” 32.

41
. Herbert Barger, “Letters to the Editor: Rushing to Rescue TJ,”
C-ville Weekly
, November, 2005, accessed October 24, 2011,
http://www.c-ville.com/index.php?cat=121304064644348&z_Issue_ID=1892509061555962&ShowArchiveArticle_ID=1892509061586567
.
See also
Herbert Barger, review of “Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson: History, Memory and Civic Culture,” by Jan Ellen Lewis and Peter S. Onuf, Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society, accessed June 15, 2011,
http://www.tjheritage.org/booksfiles/Barger-Hemings_and_Jefferson_by_Lewis.pdf
.