The Knockoff Economy (43 page)

9
. Mark F. Schultz, “Fear and Norms and Rock & Roll: What Jambands Can Teach Us about Persuading People to Obey Copyright Law,”
Berkeley Technology Law Journal
21.2 (2006): 651.

10
. Schultz, “Fear and Norms,” 680-81.

11
. Ryan Singel, “Netflix Beat BitTorrent’s Bandwidth,”
Wired,
May 17, 2011,
www.wired.com/epicenter/2011/05/netflix-traffic
/.

12
. Glenn Peoples, “Spotify Has 250,000 U.S. Subscribers,”
Billboard,
October 14, 2011,
www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/digital-and-mobile/spotify-has-250-000-u-s-subscribers-report-1005411992.story
.

ABS, 2

Academic writing, 108

Academy Awards, 1

AC/DC, 141

Achatz, Grant, 73, 75, 81, 190

Acquired distinctiveness, 149

Adams, Joey, 247n6

Adidas, 29

Adobe, 153

Adria, Ferran, 62, 90, 190

Advertisements

brand meanings created through, 198

copying as, 199

description of, 173

fake luxury items as form of, 199

Advertising effect, 200-201

Advil, 196-97

Aeolian Company, 140-41

Alinea, 73, 75, 93

“All Along the Watchtower,” 141

Amazon.com, 7

American Needle v. NFL,
131

Anchoring, 47-49, 174

Anderson, Chris, 188, 215

Andres, Jose, 92

Android, 188

Angel, Criss, 121

Anka, Paul, 141

Apache, 186

Apparel-making, 22-23

Apple, 15, 142, 176, 188, 209, 220-21

Architectural drawings, 65

Architectural Works Copyright Protection Act, 65

Arclight, 181

Arial font, 147

Armani, Giorgio, 24, 51, 55

Asset securitization, 159

Associated Merchandising Corp., 32

Athenaeus, 81

Ault, Chris, 135-36, 189

Aviary, 92

Baja Fresh, 9

Balenciaga, 37

Barnett, Jonathan, 199-200

Barneys New York, 51

Bartenders, 92-94

Batali, Mario, 64

Baudrillard, Jean, 41

Bazaar, 92

Beard, James, 60

Benkler, Yochai, 186

Benny, Jack, 100

Berle, Milton, 100-101, 247n7

Bertelli, Patricio, 38

Bidders’ Edge, 165

BitTorrent, 217-18, 226-27

Black, Lewis, 101

BlackBerry, 188

Black-Scholes option pricing formula, 158

Blahnik, Manolo, 25

Blais, Richard, 88

Blass, Bill, 24

Blue Light Grill, 92

Blues Traveler, 225

Blumenthal, Heston, 90, 190

Bogle, John, 123-24

Books

handwritten, 145

piracy of, 145-46

printing press effects on production of, 145-46

“Borscht Belt,” 99-100, 109

Bouley, David, 61

Boulud, Daniel, 73

Bowie, David, 141, 184

Brady, Diamond Jim, 60

Brands

consumer perceptions of, 197

copies as advertisement for, 199, 201

counterfeiting effects on, 200

description of, 173

fashion.
See
Fashion brands

innovation and, 197

meanings associated with, 198

power of, 196-97

role of, 195

trademark protection of, 195

value of, 195

Breaking the Magician’s Code: Magic’s Biggest Secrets Revealed,
121

Brooks Brothers, 23-24

Bruce, Lenny, 101

Buccafusco, Chris, 67, 80, 204

Buffet, Warren, 89, 156

Buildings, 65

“Built food,” 59, 64, 67-68

Burberry, 29

Bureau of Labor Statistics, 45

Business method patents, 157-58

Caillat, Colbie, 223

Caioti Pizza Café, 61

California Pizza Kitchen, 61

Calligraphy, 146, 250n13

Camp, Walter, 127

Cantu, Homaro, 62, 71-72

Careme, Antoine, 59

Carlin, George, 106

CD, 228-29

Chanel, 24

Chanel, Coco, 34

Chang, David, 71, 76, 180

Chappelle, Dave, 107

Charles, Rebecca, 57-59, 69

Chau, Chak, Yam, 70

Chefography,
87

Chefs.
See also
Cuisine; Culinary copying; Food; Recipes

attribution of dishes to, 79-80, 87, 178-79

bartenders and, similarities between, 94-95

celebrity status of, 87

creativity of, 78-90

culinary copying and, 88-89

fame of, 59, 61

innovations by, 62-63, 190

patents use by, 71-72

public reputation of, 87-88

reputation of, 86-89

self-policing by, 78-83

sharing of creations by, 86

social norms use by, 78-83, 178

trade secret protections, 71

in 20th century, 61

Child, Julia, 60

Chili’s, 63

Chinese restaurants, 61

Cho, Margaret, 101

Choi, Roy, 9

Cincinnati Bengals, 128-29

Citigroup, 160

Citrin, Josiah, 76

Claiborne, Craig, 62

“Click-wrap” license, 72

Clothing.
See also
Fashion

food and, similarities between, 68

as positional goods, 40

status associated with, 39-40

Cocktails, 91-95, 181

Cocteau, Jean, 41, 43

Cohen, Bram, 226

Coke, 71

Coltrane, John, 141-42

Comedians

attacks on reputation of, 112-14

bad-mouthing of, 112-13

creativity of, 116

history of, 99-102

imitation reputation of, 112-13

joke buying and selling among, 110

joke copying by.
See
Joke copying

media exposure of, 102

oral agreements among, 110

originality of, 109

peer appreciation, 112

personalized material created by, 117-18

plagiarism by, 248n 18

public shaming of, 115

refusal to deal with, 113-14

reputation of, 112-14

shunning of, 112-13

social norms of, 104-15, 177-79

violent retaliation against, 114

Comedy Bible, The,
107

Comedy clubs, 102

Comedy industry

aficionados of, 115

characteristics of, 100

copying in, 10-12.
See also
Joke copying

history of, 99-102

innovation in, 118

intermediaries in, 113-14

monologues, 101-2

narrative, 117

one-liner era of, 101-2, 116-17

ownership rules in, 110-11, 116

personalized nature of, 118

politics in, 101

present-day changes in, 117

social norms in, 98, 104-115

Comedy Store, The, 97

Competition

copying and, 5-6, 168-70

in fashion industry, 24

importance of, 5, 168

innovation and, 168

intellectual property and, 237n3

Competition-style cooking, 87

Computer programming industry, 136-38, 189

Concerts, 182-84, 222

Confidentiality, 80

Cook, Dane, 10-12, 179, 208

Cookbooks, 67

Cooper, James Fenimore, 60

Copying

advertising through, 199, 201

as brand advertisement, 199, 201

cocktails, 91-95, 181

competition and, 5-6, 168-70

Congressional changes in protections against, 35

creativity affected by, 7-8, 17, 45, 49, 167-68, 173, 211

culinary.
See
Culinary copying

databases, 162-66

difficulties in, 180

digital, 84-85, 182

fads created through, 175

fashion.
See
Fashion copying

fonts, 147-52

future of, 8

of ideas, 108

importance of rules on, 17, 202

induced obsolescence caused by, 43-47, 49

innovation affected by, 6, 15-16, 90, 166, 192, 207

joke.
See
Joke copying legal regulation of, 6

moral issues associated with, 6

perfect, 84

premise of laws against, 167

prevalence of, 232

profiting from, 172

social norms effect on, 177-79.
See also
Social norms

trends and, 174-75

Copyright(s)

architectural drawings, 65

computer database industry, 14-15

Constitutional protection of, 5

holders of, difficulties in finding, 144

infringement of, 108

media protected by, 6

notice of, 145

purpose of, 10, 89, 195, 203

term of, 144

Copyright Act of 1909, 140

Copyright law

Congressional changes in, 35

creative ideas and, 103, 105

cuisine copying and, 64, 81

database protections under, 165

duration of protection under, 7

fashion designs not protected by, 5, 20-21, 30

fonts and, 147-49

importance of, 168

magic tricks and, 120

original expression protected by, 103, 105

property rights added to, 35

purpose of, 4, 191

sheet music protection under, 67, 139

Statute of Anne, 145

subconscious appropriation, 111

substantial similarity, 83

tweaking and, 143-45

useful articles, 27

Corinna, Anna, 19-21, 38, 45

Cosby, Bill, 106

Council of Fashion Designers of America, 35

Counterfeiting, 199-200

Cover bands, 183

Cover songs, 139, 141

Creation

costs of, 210-11

distribution costs’ effect on, 209

motivators of, 203

Creativity

of chefs, 78-90

complexity associated with, 202

copying effects on, 4, 7-8, 17, 45, 49, 167-68, 173, 211

copyright effects on, 10

costs associated with, 171, 203, 208-210

culinary copying effects on, 89

distribution and, 171

in financial services industry, 156-57

of font design, 150

in food culture, 10

historical examples of, 167

improvements on, 15

open source and, 190

in pharmaceutical industry, 171

of recipes, 66

social norms about, 115

technological influences on, 210

tweaking as form of, 142

Creators

advertising effect on, 200-201

chefs as, 86-87

monopoly over creations of, 6

rival, 177

Credit Suisse, 160

Crif Dogs, 91

Cronkite, Walter, 102

Crowd-sourcing, 208

Cuisine.
See also
Chef(s); Food

as art form, 190

attribution of, 79-80, 87, 178-79

creativity of, 61

experience associated with eating of, 85-86, 180

fads in, 175-76

foreign, 62

innovation in, 9-10, 62

local, 60

modernist movement in, 62-63

remaking of, 74

in United States, 60-61

Culinary copying.
See also
Chef(s); Food

advertisement benefits of, 86

benefits of, 90

“built food,” 59, 64, 67-68

case law, 65-66

chefs’ views on, 88

communication of, 82

copyright law and, 64, 81

creativity and, 89

debate about, 72-78

detection of, 83

difficulties associated with, 180

enforcing legal protections against, difficulties in, 81

examples of, 57-58, 63-64, 72-77

in France, 79-80

global issues, 82

innovation and, 90

Internet effects on, 68-69

limits on, 69-72

molten chocolate cake as example of, 63-64

perfect copying, 84

prevalence of, 68

self-policing of, 78

social norms and, 78-83

technology effects on detection of, 83

“trade dress” protections, 69-70, 198

trade secrets protection, 71, 79

“unfair competition” protections, 70-71

Culinary industry.
See also
Restaurant industry

annual sales in, 58

creativity in, 63

fads in, 175-76

history of, 59-63

innovation in, 62, 88, 90, 189

open-source elements in, 189-90

restaurant reviews, 62

staging in, 73, 75, 190

“trade dress” disputes in, 70

trademarks in, 69

Daily Show,
102

Dark’n Stormy, 93

Databases

contract law applications to users of, 165

copying of, 162-66

copyright protections for, 14-15, 165

copyrightable content in, 162

definition of, 162

in Europe, 15, 162-66

examples of, 162, 164

facts-based, 162-63

fee-based, 193

Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service
case law, 162-63, 165

first-mover advantage of, 193-94

growth of, 163

legal, 162, 193-94

tweaking of, 165-66

U.S. Supreme Court case law, 126

Dave Mathews Band, 225

Davis, Darrel “Mouse,” 133-34, 189

Death & Co., 92

Debreq, Jean Francois, 24

Delahunt, Bill, 35

Derivative works, 36, 45, 143

Design patents for fashion designs, 28

Design Piracy Prohibition Act, 35

Deutsche Bank, 160

Devil Wears Prada, The,
47

Diffusion lines, 54-55

Digital copies, 84-85, 182

Diller, Phyllis, 100

Discover Dannone—50 Fabulous Recipes with Yogurt,
65-66

Distribution

changes in, 208-9

creativity and, 171

films, 230

Doors, The, 141

Dow Jones, 164

Drinks.
See
Cocktails

Drive,
185

Dubner, Stephen J., 145

Dun & Bradstreet, 164

Dylan, Bob, 141

Eataly, 64

eBay, 165

Economic growth

of financial services industry, 155-56

innovation’s role in, 15