The Knockoff Economy (45 page)

“Kick it up a notch!”, 69

“Killing Them Softly,” 107

Kinkade, Thomas, 88

Kinno, Dan, 114

Klein, Calvin, 51

Kogi, 9, 184

Kolb, Steven, 36

Krueger, Alan, 183

L.A. Unified School District, 166

LaCroix, Christian, 51

LaDou, Ed, 61

Lagasse, Emeril, 69

Lanvin, 41

Late Show with David Letterman, The,
19

Lauren, Ralph, 24, 38

Laurent, Yves Saint, 24, 38-39, 242n45

Lawson, Nigella, 66-67

Le Pavillon, 60

Leach, Mike, 130, 133-34, 189

LeBeau, Dick, 129

Lee, Biby, 98

Lee, Spike, 176

Lefebvre, Ludovic, 200

Lemley, Mark, 132

Lennon, John, 141

Leno, Jay, 110

Letterman, David, 110

Levitt, Steven D., 145

Levy, Marv, 130

Lexis-Nexis, 162, 194

Linux, 186, 188

Live in Houston,
11

Live musical performances, 182-84, 222, 226, 233

Local cuisines, 60

“Lockhorns, The,” 100

Logos, 29

Long Tail, The,
215

Lopez, George, 98, 107, 114

Los Angeles Times,
166

Louie,
10

Louis C.K., 10-12, 101, 179, 208-9

Louis Vuitton, 24, 44

LPs, 228-29

LVMH, 25

Madey v. Duke University,
143, 249n11

Magic tricks, 119-20

Magicians, 119-22, 178

Manguera, Mark, 8-9

Marie Claire,
20, 36

Maron, Marc, 11

Maskelyne, John Nevil, 119, 248n24

Master of ceremonies, 99

MathWorks, 136-38, 189

Matsuhisa, Nobu, 63

McCardell, Claire, 23

McFarland, Ed, 57-59

Melisse, 76

Mencia, Carlos, 97, 103-6, 114-15

Meredith Corporation, 65-66

Meredith v. PIL,
65-66, 68

Mermaid Oyster Bar, 201

Merton, Robert, 156, 161

Meyer, Danny, 61

Meyer, Urban, 135

Michelin Guide, 78

Mickey Mouse, 15

Microsoft, 185, 188, 194, 220

Middleton, Kate, 4

Middleton, Pippa, 4

Miedlinger, Max, 146

Miller, Mac, 223-24

Mirabella, Grace, 24

Miyaked, Issey, 24, 174

Modernist cuisine movement, 62-63

Molecular gastronomy, 59

Molten chocolate cake, 63-64

Momofuku, 71, 76, 180

Monopoly theory of innovation, 6, 8, 16, 39, 150, 166-68, 203, 238n6

Montana, Joe, 129

Moradi, Omid, 2

Morgan, Walter, 124

Morgan Stanley, 160

Motion Picture Association of America, 172, 221

Moto, 62, 71

Movie rentals, 230

Mozilla Firefox, 186

mp3 files, 228-29

Mr. Chow, 70

Murry, Charlie, 45

Music.
See also
Songs

cover songs, 139, 141

digital copies of, 182

disposable nature of, 232

distribution of, 208, 223-24

as experience, 222-23

fads in, 176

filesharing of, 213, 216, 229, 255n4

innovations in, 228

licensing fees of, 232

live performances, 182-84, 222, 226, 233

on LPs, 228-29

piracy of, 37-38, 176, 213-19, 225

production costs of, 208, 223

quality of, 227-28

sampling of, 76

as social network, 223-27

social norms, 227

trends in, 176

tweaking of, 139, 141, 208

vinyl records, 228

Music copying

description of, 224

economic costs of, 214

history of, 213

prevalence of, 221

Music industry.
See also
Record labels

Apple’s rise in, 220-21

changes in, 215

copying effects on, 214

creativity and, 231

decline of, 214-16

definition of, 214

Napster effects on, 216-19

revenues of, 215

Musical compositions

compulsory licensing fee for using, 140

player piano “copying” of, 139-40

tweaking of, 141

Musical concerts, 182-83, 222

Musicians, technology effects on, 215

“My Favorite Things,” 141-42

Myspace, 195, 223

Napster, 213, 216-19

National Collegiate Athletic Association, 127

NCAA.
See
National Collegiate Athletic Association

Nelson, Willie, 141

Netflix, 203, 230

Network externalities, 194, 251n6

New Orleans, 60

New York Times

fashion coverage by, 37, 48, 50

restaurant reviews by, 62

Nigella Bites,
66

Nimmer on Copyright,
68

“No Huddle Offense,” 13, 129-30

Nondisclosure agreements, 160

Nystrom, Paul, 27, 240n15

Obsolescence, induced, 43-47, 49, 173

“Oh, Pretty Woman,” 74

Old Navy, 25

Oliar, Dotan, 98, 104

OMIM database, 162

One-liner jokes, 101-2, 116-17

Open source creativity and, 190

in culinary industry, 189

description of, 173

tweaking in, 187

Wikipedia as example of, 185-86

Open-source software

commercial software versus, 187

cost savings associated with, 187

description of, 14, 90

examples of, 186

innovation and, 90

source code, 187

Optimism bias, 204-6, 253n36

Orbison, Roy, 74

Orphan works, 144

Oswalt, Patton, 101

Over-the-counter derivatives, 159-60

Owens, Tim, 182

Oysters and Pearls, 85

Painkiller, 93

Palm, The, 69

Pandora, 232

Pantograph, 149

Pantomime, 249n28

Parker, Charlie, 141

Parker, Sean, 213

Parody, 74

Patek Phillipe 198

Patents

business method, 157-58

Constitutional protection of, 5

difficulty of obtaining, 28

fashion design, 28

in financial services industry, 157-60

font protection, 149

food industry, 71-72

football application of, 131

inventions protected by, 6

magic tricks, 120

Pioneers and, 143

purpose of, 195, 203

rejection of, 28

scope of, 7

Tweakers and, 143

Payless, 29

PDT, 91

Pearl Oyster Bar, 57-58, 69, 201

Penn and Teller, 120

Perfect copying, 84

Petty, Tom, 141

Pharmaceutical industry, 171

Phillipe Chow, 70

Phish, 225

Pierre Cardin, 23, 55

PIL, 65-66

Pink, David, 185

Pinkberry, 5

Pioneers

computer programming industry example of, 137, 189

in football, 132-36, 189

in music industry, 141

of open-source software, 187

Piracy

books, 145-46

fashion, 44

in Hollywood, 221

music, 37-38, 176, 213-19, 225

Piracy paradox, 44, 49, 52, 54, 174, 193

“Pistol” football formation, 135-36

Plant, Arnold, 30

Player piano, 139-41

Pollan, Michael, 87

Positional goods, 40, 242n50

Positive network externalities, 194, 251n6

Power, Cat, 141

PPr, 25

Prada, 24, 38

Printed fabric, 28

Printing press, 145-46

Product versus performance

cuisine as example of, 180-81.
See also
Cuisine; Culinary copying

description of, 172, 179-80

Promgirl, 2

Property rights, 35

Prouenza Schouler, 46, 51

Prude’s Demise, 92

Puck, Wolfgang, 61

Pusser’s rum, 93

Radio, 232

Radiohead, 224-25

Ramsay, Gordon, 82

Randall, Alice, 74, 144

Rapidshare, 218

Recipes.
See also
Chef(s); Culinary industry; Food

“built food” versus, 64-65, 67-68

copyright issues for, 64-66, 245n23

creativity of, 66

definition of, 64

historical descriptions of, 81

International Association of Culinary Professionals Code of Ethics for, 80

as procedures, 65, 67

reworking of, 74

sheet music versus, 67

“substantial literary expression” with, 66

Record labels.
See also
Music; Music industry

business model used by, 229

copyright effects on, 221

Napster and, 216-19

revenue losses by, 215-16

Recording Industry Association of America, 216-18

Red Hat, 187-88

Rentner, Maurice, 33-35, 39, 52

Reputation

of chefs, 86-89

of comedians, 112-14

Restaurant(s).
See also
Chef(s); Culinary copying; Food

advertising effect, 201

apprenticing in, 190

atmosphere of, 181

design and decor of, 69-71, 198, 201

experience of eating in, 85-86, 180

“packaging” of, 85

staging in, 73, 75, 190

“trade dress” protection for, 69-70

trade secret protection for, 71

trademark protections for, 71

“unfair competition” protections, 70-71

Restaurant industry.
See also
Culinary industry

annual sales in, 58

trade dress, 69-70, 180, 198

Restaurant reviews, 62

Retaliation,
10

Rhapsody, 231-32

Robuchon, Joel, 82

Rock, Chris, 101

Rodarte, 27

Rodriguez, Rich, 130, 134-35, 189

Rogan, Joe, 97, 103, 115

Rogers and Hammerstein, 141

Rolling Stones, 183

Romeo and Juliet,
15

Rubell, Jennifer, 64

“Run-and-shoot” offense, 133-34

Ryan, Rex, 138, 189

Saban, Nick, 138

Sahl, Mort, 101

Saverin, Eduardo, 213

Savile Row, 23

Schmulen, Leon Bendel, 34

Schultz, Mark, 225-27

Schumer, Charles, 158

Schwartz, Allen B., 20, 36

Secondary meaning, 149

Secrets of a Restaurant Chef,
87

Seinfeld, Jerry, 101

Self-knockoffs, 54-55

Sex and the City,
25

Shaffir, Ari, 97-98, 104

Shakespeare, William, 15, 43

Sheet music

copyright protection of, 67, 139

recipes versus, 67

Shilliday, Beth, 42

Shin, Alice, 9

Shumer, Chuck, 20

Silverman, Sarah, 101

Simmel, Georg, 43

“Sit-wrap” license, 72

Smith, James R., 128

Smith, Patti, 141

Smoot-Hawley tariffs, 23

Social networks

description of, 194

music as, 223-27

Social norms

chef’s use of, 78-83, 178

in comedy industry, 98, 104-17, 177-79

copying affected by, 177-79

creativity, 115

description of, 172, 177

enforcement of, 81-82

in fashion industry, 49-52

joke copying, 107-15, 117, 177-78

limitations of, 82

magicians, 119-22, 121-22

Software

first-mover advantage in, 194

open-source.
See
Open-source software

Songs.
See also
Music

cover, 139, 141

filesharing of, 213, 216, 229, 255n4

illegal downloading of, 216-20

singles, 229-30

tweaking of, 141

Sony Corp. v. Universal City Studios,
237n 4

Soule, Henri, 60

Sousa, John Philip, 139-40

“Spago,” 69

Splichal, Joachim, 77

Spotify, 231-32

Spread Offense, 130, 134

“Spread-option” football formation, 135

Springsteen, Bruce, 141

Stand-up comedy industry.
See
Comedy industry

State Street Banka and Trust Co. v. Signature Financial Group Inc.,
157-58

Stationers’ Company, 145

Status of fashion designs, 39-40

Statute of Anne, 145

Steamboat Willie,
15

Steampunk, 155-55

Stewart, Jon, 102

Streep, Meryl, 47

Subconscious appropriation, 111

Substantial similarity, 83

Sui, Anna, 26

Sumptuary codes, 40

Taco Bell, 69

Taco Cabana, 70, 180

Tailor, 92

Tar Pit, 92

Texas Tech, 130, 133

Theory of the Leisure Class,
39

“Thief of Bad Gags,” 101

30 Minute Meals,
87

Thomas, Dana, 40

Time Magazine,
32-33, 53

Times New Roman font, 147-48, 152

Tobias, Henry, 247n6

“Toomlers,” 100-101

Top Chef,
10, 87

Topshop, 25

Torondel, Laurent, 77, 84

Tournament markers, 206-8

Tower Records, 213-14

“Trade dress”

fashion industry use of, 29-30, 198

nonfunctionality requirement for, 240n21

packaging, 245n27

product design, 245n27

restaurant industry use of, 69-70, 180, 198

Trade secrets

culinary copying and, 71, 79

financial services and, 157-58

magic tricks and, 120-21

Trademark(s)

culinary industry, 69

dilution of, 29

fashion, 5, 29

functions of, 195

restaurant name, 71

Trademark Act of 1870, 196

Trademark law

brands protected under, 195

fashion designs and, 29

fonts and, 149

goal of, 5

history of, 195-96

purpose of, 195

“trade dress” protections, 29-30

Trends

copying and, 174

fashion, 40-41, 47-49, 54, 155, 174

font, 154-55

music, 176

Triangle Shirtwaist fire of 1911, 23

Trillin, Calvin, 156

Trotter, Charles, 77

Tufano, Peter, 159

Tweakers/tweaking

in art world, 250n12