The Knowledge: How to Rebuild Our World From Scratch (38 page)

prisons,
21
–22

propane,
191

pyrites,
121

pyrolysis,
116
–20,
117
,
192

quicklime (calcium oxide),
110
–12,
139
,
140
,
233
,
245

quinine,
155

rack and pinion mechanism,
205

radio,
51
,
221
–29

amplitude modulation in,
223

earphones or speakers for,
225
–26,
227

location determination and,
273

microphone for,
225
–26

oscillating circuit in,
224
–25

receiver for,
222
,
225
,
228

transmitter for,
222
–23,
225

radioactivity,
279

railways,
188

rapeseed,
60
,
109
,
171
,
190

razor blade rectifier,
227
,
228

Read, Leonard E.,
4

reaper,
69

rectifier,
227
,
230
n

razor blade,
227
,
228

recycling,
49
–50

refrigerators,
93
–95

Renaissance,
11
,
275
,
276

rennin,
85

repopulation,
24
–25

resin,
219
–20

resonance,
224

rhinovirus,
147

rice,
65
–66,
66
,
67

Road, The
(McCarthy),
2

roads,
187
–88

Robinson Crusoe
(Defoe),
33

Rochelle salt,
226

Roman Empire,
11

Röntgen, Wilhelm,
153

rubber,
193
–95

“Ruin, The,”
79

rye,
60
,
66
,
67
,
86

sailing ships,
198
–200

salicylic acid,
157

Salon of 1767
(Diderot),
253

salt (sodium chloride),
82
,
113
,
121
,
232
,
240
,
244
,
245
,
247

in food preservation,
82
–83,
91
–92

in oral rehydration therapy,
148

producing,
83

saltpeter,
237
–38,
248
,
250

saltwort,
244

sand,
138
–39,
140
,
144

saponification,
84
,
112
–13,
114
–15,
211
–12

satellites,
42
,
239
n

sawmill,
171
,
206

scales, balance,
283
,
284

science,
275
–91

experimentation in,
287
–89

measures and units in,
see
measures and units

as process,
289

roots of,
280
–81

socioeconomic environment and,
277
–78

technology and,
289
–91

tools of,
281
–86,
287

scientific method,
278
–81,
286
–89

scientific revolution,
259
,
276

screw press,
218

scurvy,
157
n

scythe,
61
,
67
,
68

sea level,
31
,
45

seaweed,
114

seed drill,
62
,
64
,
195

seismometer,
287

sewage systems,
57

sewage treatment,
75

sextant,
269
–70,
269
,
273

Shampoo Planet
(Coupland),
231

Shelley, Percy Bysshe,
209

shelter,
33
,
34
–35

ships,
198
–200

shipwrecks,
30

Shirky, Clay,
9

sickle,
61
,
67
,
68

silica,
138
,
139
–40

silver chloride,
240

silver nitrate,
240

Sirius,
261

smallpox,
147

smelting,
135
–36,
137
,
140
,
249

soap,
112
–16,
190
,
243

saponification in,
84
,
112
–13,
114
–15,
211
–12

social contract,
20
–22

soda,
243
–47,
246

ash (sodium carbonate),
114
,
118
,
120
,
139
,
140
,
212
,
226
,
243
,
244
,
245

caustic (sodium hydroxide),
115
,
190
,
212
,
232
,
233
,
234
,
243
,
244
,
244
n

sodium,
233
,
234

acetate,
118

bicarbonate,
245

carbonate (soda ash),
114
,
118
,
120
,
139
,
140
,
212
,
226
,
243
,
244
,
245

chloride,
see
salt

hydroxide (caustic soda),
115
,
190
,
212
,
232
,
233
,
234
,
243
,
244
,
244
n

hypochlorite,
212

thiosulfate,
240

soil,
57
,
58
–64,
70
–72,
76
,
110

solar power,
13
,
47

solar water disinfection (SODIS),
37
–38

solstices,
255
–56,
261

Solvay process,
245
–47,
246

solvents,
119

soot,
219

sorghum,
66
,
67

south pole,
264

Soviet Union,
3
n,
198
n

speakers,
225
–26

spectrometer,
287

spinning,
96
–97,
277

spinning wheel,
97
,
97

Staphylococcus,
162

stars,
239
n,
261
,
262
,
263
–65,
269
,
270

Barnard’s,
262
–63,
263

constellations of,
261

latitude and,
268

North (Polaris),
263
,
269

steam engine,
170
n,
172
–73,
182
,
197
,
201
,
277
,
290
–91

steampunk,
15

steam turbine,
182
–83,
185
,
206
–7

steel,
29
,
49
,
124
,
130
–32,
136
–38,
277

steering wheel,
205

Stephens, John Lloyd,
145

stereotype,
218
n

stethoscope,
152

Stonehenge,
256

strontium,
233

substances,
102
,
103
–22

acids,
82
,
84
,
92
,
104
,
113
,
116
,
120
–22

alkalis,
82
,
84
,
104
,
113
,
114
,
116
,
120
,
212
,
234
,
243

lime,
see
lime

soap,
see
soap

for thermal energy,
104
–9

wood pyrolysis,
116
–20,
117
,
192

sugar(s),
82
,
89
,
90
,
190
,
240
n

in oral rehydration therapy,
148

sulfur dioxide,
240

sulfuric acid,
120
–22,
159
,
214
,
238
,
241

sulfuryl chloride,
121

Sun,
269
,
270

coronal mass ejection from,
22
,
24

equinoxes and,
259

proving Earth’s orbit around,
260
n

solstices and,
255
–56

sundial,
256
–57,
259
–60,
270
–71

superglue,
42
–43

surgery,
151
,
155
,
158
–59

Svalbard Global Seed Vault,
55
,
55

tallow,
191

tea tree oil,
155

technology,
289
–91

telegraph,
220
–21

telescope,
140
,
143
,
161

temperature measurement,
285
–86

thermometer for,
141
,
144
,
152
,
285
–86,
287
,
288

Texas City,
250
n

textiles,
212
–13,
232
,
276
,
277

for clothing,
98
–101

linen,
96
,
211

spinning yarn for,
96
–97,
277

spinning wheel for,
97
,
97

weaving,
98
,
277

weaving loom for,
98
–100,
99
,
101
–2

thermal energy,
104
–9,
166
,
172
,
182

thermionic emission,
228
–29

thermometer,
141
,
144
,
152
,
285
–86,
287
,
288

Three Gorges dam,
180

threshing,
68

threshing flail,
61

Thwaites, Thomas,
4

time telling,
253
–60,
266

calendar for,
253
,
260
–65

clocks for,
see
clocks

hourglass for,
254
–55

sundial for,
256
–57,
259
–60,
270
–71

toaster,
4

tooth fillings,
174
n

tractor,
63
,
197
–98

trade,
198

train lines,
188

transformer,
183
–84

transmission, car,
204

transport,
185
,
187
–208

electric vehicles for,
206
–7

fuels for,
188
–93

gasification and,
191
–93,
192
,
194

keeping vehicles running,
188
–95

and loss of mechanization,
195
–201,
197

powered, reinventing,
201
–8

roads for,
187
–88

rubber for,
193
–95

trees,
17

triode,
229

trip hammer,
171
,
171
,
179
,
203
,
276

tuberculosis,
147

turpentine,
119
,
219
–20

type setting,
216
–18,
217

urea,
115

urine,
73
,
74
,
115

vacuum,
284

vacuum tubes,
141
–42,
153
,
227
–30

Varro, Marcus Terentius,
161
n

vinegar,
84
,
118
,
120

violence and crime,
20
–22

vitamin B3,
84
n

vitamin D,
72
,
84
–85

vitriol,
120

voltaic pile,
175
,
178

walkie-talkies,
51

Washington, DC,
45

waste, human,
73
–75

Waste Land, The
(Eliot),
vii
,
10

water,
81
,
103

for apartment buildings,
44
–45

destruction caused by,
28
–30

water, drinking,
33
,
36
–38,
109
–10,
124
,
148

oral rehydration therapy,
148

water clock,
205
,
206
,
254

water turbine,
180
–82,
181

steam,
182
–83,
185

waterwheel,
166
–68,
167
,
170
,
171
–72,
178
–79,
180
,
203
,
213
,
276