The Modern Mercenary: Private Armies and What They Mean for World Order (30 page)

22
. A complete copy of this contract can be found in Appendix D of Michael Lee Lanning,
Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune, from Ancient Greece to Today’s Private Military Companies
(New York: Ballantine Books, 2005), 245.

23
. Steve Fainaru and Alec Klein, “In Iraq, a Private Realm of Intelligence-Gathering,”
Washington Post
, July 1, 2007,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/30/AR2007063001075_pf.html, accessed February 14, 2014
.

1
. Quoted in John Ranelagh,
Thatcher’s People: An Insider’s Account of the Politics, the Power and the Personalities
(New York: HarperCollins, 1991), ix; see also Richard Cockett,
Thinking the Unthinkable: Think Tanks and the Economic Counter Revolution, 1931–1983
(New York: HarperCollins, 1995), 174–176.

2
. Thomas Frank, “Government by Contractor Is a Disgrace: Many Jobs Are Best Left to Federal Workers,”
Wall Street Journal
, November 26, 2008,
http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB122765980278958481
, accessed February 15, 2014.

3
. Office of Management and Budget, “The President’s Management Agenda: Fiscal Year 2002,”
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2002/mgmt.pdf
, accessed February 15, 2014.

4
. Volker Franke and Marc Von Boemcken, “Private Guns: The Social Identity of Security Contractors,”
Journal of Conflict Studies
29 (2009): 10; Government Accountability Office,
Military Readiness: Management Focus Needed on Airfields for Overseas Deployments
(Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office, 2001), 10.

5
. Floyd Spence and Eugene J. Carroll, “Q: Is the Military Drawdown Endangering U.S. National Security?”
Insight on the News
14, no. 36 (1998): 24.

6
. On MPRI, see Peter W. Singer,
Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003), 128. On DynCorp, see “On the Ground: DynCorp and Other U.S. firms Provide U.S. Peace Verifiers to Kosovo,”
Newsweek
, February 15, 1999,
http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-53865787.html
, accessed February 15, 2014. ”Peruvian Rebels Assert Role In Downing of a U.S. Copter,”
New York Times
, January 24, 1992.

7
. Andrew Gilligan, “Inside Lt Col Spicer’s New Model Army,”
Sunday Telegraph
, November 22, 1998,
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/et?ac=001224792737135&rtmo=LKdx333d&atmo=11/24/98 19&pg
.

8
. Deborah D. Avant and Lee Sigelman, “Private Security and Democracy: Lessons from the US in Iraq,”
Security Studies
19, no. 2 (2010): 230–265.

9
. Carl von Clausewitz et al.,
On War
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976), 75.

10
.
Contractors Support of US Operations in Iraq
(Washington, DC: US Congressional Budget Office, 2008), 17.

11
. Donald Rumsfeld, “Secretary Rumsfeld’s Remarks to the Johns Hopkins, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies,”
http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=1361
, accessed February 15, 2014.

12
. Charity Willard,
The “Livre de Paix” of Christine de Pisan: A Critical Edition
(The Hague: Mouton, 1958), 133.

13
. Bernard Bailyn,
The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution
(Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 1992), 356–357. On Hamilton’s concerns, see Publius [Alexander Hamilton], “Consequences of Hostilities between States,”
Federalist Papers
8 (November 27, 1787); Publius [Alexander Hamilton], “The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered,”
Federalist Papers
26 (December 22, 1787).

14
. T. X. Hammes,
Private Contractors: The Good, the Bad, and the Strategic Impact
(Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 2010), 5.

1
. The duke of Burgundy known as Charles the Bold, also called Charles the Rash, met his end at the Battle of Nancy on January 5, 1477, bringing to a conclusion the Burgundian Wars (1474–1477) between the dukes of Burgundy and the kings of France. A year earlier, Charles had besieged a Swiss garrison at Grandson in Switzerland and promised them safe passage if they surrendered their castle. However, Charles betrayed them and hung or drowned all 412 men in an execution requiring four hours. A year later, at the Battle of Nancy, the Swiss had neither forgotten nor forgiven this perfidy. When Charles’s naked and disfigured body was found frozen in a riverbed several days after the battle, only his physician was able to identify him. His head had been cleft in two by a halberd, multiple lances were lodged in his stomach and loins, and his face was so badly mauled by wild animals that he was beyond recognition.

2
. Charles Oman,
A History of the Art of War in the 16th Century
(London: C. Oman, 1937), 180.

3
. Ibid., 184.

4
. The Florentine campaigns against Pisa in 1500 and 1505 were particularly disastrous. In 1505, for example, ten mercenary captains embarrassingly defected to the other side. Not trusting mercenaries, Machiavelli convinced the Florentine authorities to raise a militia instead, composed of citizen soldiers whose loyalty to the state would remain unflappable. However, these farmers-turned-soldiers were no match for professional troops, and the Florentines were soon crushed in 1512. This military disaster resulted in the dissolution of the Florentine Republic, henceforward under papal control, and challenges Machiavelli’s claims about the superiority of militias over mercenaries. He wrote
The Prince
to impress the new rulers of Florence and win his old job back, but to no avail. The French regarded the flush Florentines as the epitome of military incompetence. Niccolò Machiavelli,
The Prince and Other Works
(New York: Hendricks House, 1964), 131. On scholarly critique, see Quentin Skinner,
Machiavelli: A Very Short Introduction
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 36–37; Christopher Coker,
Barbarous Philosophers: Reflections on the Nature of War from Heraclitus to Heisenberg
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2010), 139–151; James Jay Carafano,
Private Sector, Public Wars: Contractors in Combat—Afghanistan, Iraq, and Future Conflicts
(Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2008), 19; Sarah Percy,
Mercenaries: The History of a Norm in International Relations
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).

5
. William Caferro, “Italy and the Companies of Adventure in the Fourteenth Century,”
Historian
58, no. 4 (1996): 795, 805–806; Jurgen Brauer and Hubert Van Tuyll,
Castles, Battles, and Bombs: How Economics Explains Military History
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 91; Michael Mallett,
Mercenaries and Their Masters: Warfare in Renaissance Italy
(London: Bodley Head, 1974), 27; Charles C. Bayley,
War and Society in Renaissance Florence
(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1961), 11.

6
. From a bull issued by Pope Urban V on February 17, 1364. Quoted in Caferro, “Italy and the Companies of Adventure,” 795.

7
. Geoffrey Parker,
Europe in Crisis, 1598–1648
(Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2001), 17.

8
. T. X. Hammes,
Private Contractors: The Good, the Bad, and the Strategic Impact
. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 2010, 10.

9
. However, some research suggests that Americans care just as much about contractor deaths as they do about military personnel deaths. See Deborah D. Avant and Lee Sigelman, “Private Security and Democracy: Lessons from the US in Iraq,”
Security Studies
19, no. 2 (2010): 259.

10
. Jennifer Elsea, Moshe Schwartz, and Kennon H. Nakamura.
Private Security Contractors in Iraq: Background, Legal Status, and Other Issues
(Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2008), 41–42.

11
. Paul Krugman,
The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2009), 63.

12
. US Department of Defense, Office of the Inspector General,
DOD Obligations and Expenditures of Funds Provided to the Department of State for the Training and Mentoring of the Afghan National Police
(Washington, DC, 2010). For more information regarding the inadequate levels of training for government officials responsible for managing contractors, see Commission on Army Acquisition and Program Management in Expeditionary Operations,
Urgent Reform Required: Army Expeditionary Contracting
(“Gansler Report”), October 31, 2007, 43; Moshe Schwartz,
Training the Military to Manage Contractors during Expeditionary Operations: Overview and Options for Congress
(Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2008), 4.

13
. Doug Brooks, “Write a Cheque, End a War,”
Conflict Trends
3, no. 1 (2000): 33–35.

14
. Brauer and Van Tuyll,
Castles, Battles, and Bombs
, 96.

15
. “Blackwater USA,” hearing before the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, US House Of Representatives, 110th Congress, October 2, 2007 (statement of Eric Prince).

16
. Quoted in Caferro, “Italy and the Companies of Adventure,” 801.

1
. “Excerpts from Army Maj. Gen. Eldon A. Bargewell’s Report,”
Washington Post
, April 21, 2007.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/20/AR2007042002309.html
, accessed February 25, 2014.

2
. Barbara Miller, “Blackwater a Challenge to Iraqi Sovereignty: Al-Maliki,” ABC Online, September 24, 2007.
http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2007/s2041431.htm
, accessed February 25, 2014.

3
. Ken Fireman and Robin Stringer, “Blackwater Denies Any Wrongdoing in Shooting Incident,” Bloomberg News, September 17, 2007. See also “Memorandum: Additional Information about Blackwater USA,” Majority Staff, Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, US House of Representatives, October 1, 2007.

4
. “UN Report Describes New Mercenary Activity,”
New York Times
, October 17, 2007.
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/17/world/asia/17iht-mercenaries.1.7923472.html?_r=0
, accessed February 25, 2014.

5
. Justin Rosenberg,
The Empire of Civil Society: A Critique of the Realist Theory of International Relations
(New York: Verso, 1994), 39; Martin Wight,
Systems of States
(Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1977), 129; Hendrik Spruyt,
The Sovereign State and Its Competitors
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), 27.

6
. H. H. Gerth, and C. Wright Mills, eds.,
From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology
(London: Routledge, 2003), 77–128.

7
. Carl von Clausewitz,
On War
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976), 75, 87.

8
. Charles Tilly, “War Making and State Making as Organized Crime,” in
Bringing the State Back In
, edited by Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschmeyer, and Theda Skocpol (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1985). Charles Tilly and Gabriel Ardant,
The Formation of National States in Western Europe
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975), 42.

9
. Mancur Olson,
Power and Prosperity: Outgrowing Communist and Capitalist Dictatorships
(New York: Basic Books, 2000).

10
. Quoted in Norman Davies,
Europe: A History
(New York: HarperCollins, 1998), 568.

11
. In 1949, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) stipulated that “between independent States, respect for territorial sovereignty is an essential foundation of international relations” (ICJ Reports, 1949, 4), and it is “the fundamental principle of state sovereignty on which the whole of international law rests” (ICJ Reports, 1986, para. 263).

12
. See also Aram Roston,
The Man Who Pushed America to War: The Extraordinary Life, Adventures, and Obsessions of Ahmad Chalabi
(New York: PublicAffairs, 2009), 182.

13
. White House, “President Bush Outlines Iraqi Threat,” press release, October 7, 2002.

14
. Leo Gross, “The Peace of Westphalia, 1648–1948,”
American Journal of International Law
42, no. 1 (1948): 28, 26. This article was originally published in the
American Journal of International Law
and later included in a book edited by Falk and Hanrieder (1968) is not in bibliography. Please provide full details Richard Falk and Wolfram Hanrieder (1968) and again in a posthumous collection of essays by Gross (1993). In the introduction to this last volume, the editor, Alfred P. Rubin, writes that this essay remains “timeless” and “seminal”; it “popularized the phrase and the notion of a ‘Westphalia constitution’ for the international order” (Gross 1993, x). This was even though Gross checked for and found little evidence in the language of the treaties to support his claims. For more critique on Gross, see Andreas Osiander, “Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Westphalian Myth,”
International Organization
55, no. 2 (2001): 264–65.

15
. Hans Morganthau and Kenneth Thompson,
Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985), 294.

16
. Graham Evans and Richard Newnham,
The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations
(London: Penguin, 1998).

17
. See, for example, Philip Kerr, “The Outlawry of War,”
Journal of the Royal Institute of International Affairs
7 (November 1928): 361–368; K. N. Waltz,
Man, the State, and War: A Theoretical Analysis
, rev. ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001); F. W. Wayman and P. F. Diehl, eds.,
Reconstructing Realpolitik
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994); M. E. Brown, O. R. Coté, Jr., S. M. Lynn-Jones, and S. E. Miller, eds.,
Theories of War and Peace
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998); M. I. Midlarsky, ed.,
Handbook of War Studies
(Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989). A recommended critique of Westphalia that is consistent with this book is Edward Keene,
Beyond the Anarchical Society: Grotius, Colonialism and Order in World Politics
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002).