The Modern Mercenary: Private Armies and What They Mean for World Order (34 page)

2
. US Department of Defense, “Contractor Support of U.S. Operations in the USCENTCOM Area of Responsibility, Iraq, and Afghanistan, 4th Quarter FY 2010 Contractor Census,” December 15, 2010.

3
. According to reports, mercenaries waged a campaign of terror resulting in at least one hundred deaths and causing many hundreds more to flee their homes. Chen Zhi, “Over 100 People Killed in Southwest Cote d’Ivoire,”
Xinhua News
, May 11, 2011,
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-05/10/c_13867888.htm
, accessed February 26, 2014; Matthew Russell Lee, “In Cote d’Ivoire Gbagbo Is Using Mercenaries, from Liberia, UN Says, US Unaware,”
Inner City Press
, December 20, 2010.

4
. Jennifer Elsea,
Private Security Contractors in Iraq: Background, Legal Status, and Other Issues
(Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2008), 3.

5
. Moshe Schwartz,
Department of Defense Contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan: Background and Analysis
(Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2010), 3.

6
. Susan Trevaskes, “The Private/Public Security Nexus in China,”
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34, nos. 3–4 (2007): 38.

7
. Ibid., 51.

8
. Christian Ménard and Jean-Claude Viollet,
Rapport d’information par la commission de la defense nationale et des forces armees sur les sociétés militaires privées
, Assemblee Nationale, February 14, 2012,
www.assemblee-nationale.fr
.

9
. “Russia Eyes Security Firms to Defend Assets Abroad,” Reuters, October 28, 2010.

10
. “New Information about Counternarcotics Contracts in Latin America,” US Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Subcommittee on Contracting Oversight, June 7, 2011.

11
. UN, “Secretary-General Reflects on ‘Intervention’ in Thirty-Fifth Annual Ditchley Foundation Lecture,” UN Press Release SG/SM/6613, June 26, 1998,
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/1998/19980626.sgsm6613.html
, accessed February 26, 2014.

12
. “Rwanda: How the Genocide Happened,”
BBC News
, May 17, 2011.

13
. Peter W. Singer,
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(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003), 185–186.

14
. “Mercenaries in Africa: The Fog and Dogs of War,”
Economist
, March 18, 2004.

15
. Heidi Vogt and Rahim Faiez, “Afghan Starts to Close Private Security Firms,” Associated Press, October 3, 2010.

16
.
Warlord, Inc.: Extortion and Corruption along the U.S. Supply Chain in Afghanistan
, report before the Subcommittee on National Security and Foreign Affairs, US House of Representatives, 111th Congress (June 22, 2010), 2.

17
.
Inquiry into the Role and Oversight of Private Security Contractors in Afghanistan
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18
. Filkins, “Convoy Guards.”

19
. Ibid.; “Convoy Guards.”

20
. Ibid.;
Warlord, Inc
.

21
. Steve Fainaru,
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(Philadelphia: Da Capo, 2008), 28–29; Deborah Avant,
The Market for Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 17.

22
. Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the UN, letter dated October 2, 2008, addressed to the Secretary-General of the Security Council, UN Soc. A/63/467-S/2008/636 (October 6, 2008). Participants included Afghanistan, Angola, Australia, Austria, Canada, China, France, Germany, Iraq, Poland, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Ukraine, and the United States.

23
. UN documents A/HRC/15/25 and A/65/325. See also José L. Gómez del Prado, “A UN Convention to Regulate PMSCs?,”
Criminal Justice Ethics
31, no. 3 (2012): 262–286.

24
. International Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers,
http://www.icoc-psp.org/Home_Page.html
, accessed February 26, 2014.

25
. “Dogs of War,”
Lateline
, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, May 18, 2000,
http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/archives/s128621.htm
, accessed February 26, 2014. On UN guidance for armed contractors on ships in “high-risk areas,” see International Maritime Organisation,
Interim Guidance to Private Maritime Security Companies Providing Privately Contracted Armed Security Personnel on Board Ships in the High Risk Area
, MSC.1/Circ.1443, May 25, 2012.

26
. The Working Group on the Use of Mercenaries as a Means of Violating Human Rights and Impeding the Exercise of the Rights of Peoples to Self-Determination was established in July 2005, pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 2005/2. For source documents on UN use of private security, see UN Security Management System Security Policy Manual (Chapter IV, Section I: Armed Private Security Companies),
http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Mercenaries/WG/StudyPMSC/UNSecurityPolicyManual.pdf
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