The Modern Middle East (106 page)

IraqBodyCount.org,
206
,
435n85

Iraqi military: Baʿth party and,
226
;
economic ventures,
221
; “highway of death,”
183
fig,
187–88
; Iran-Iraq War (1980–88),
179–82
,
184
,
185
,
227
; Popular Militia,
174
,
226
,
368
; population,
178
,
226
; Saddam’s rank,
174
,
429n7
,
437n26
; spending on,
226
; women,
72
fig

Irgun Zvai Leumi (National Military Organization),
79
,
80

Iriani, Said Abdel Rahman,
422n22

irrigation,
12
,
33
,
400

ISI, Pakistani intelligence,
199–200

Islah (Reform) Party, Yemen,
251

Islam,
2
,
7
,
9
,
13–21
,
33
; calendar,
15
; Crusaders vs.,
21
,
34
; dawn of,
3–4
,
7
,
9
,
10
,
14–19
; dress code,
54
,
60
,
161
,
414n47
; fasting,
2
,
17
,
105
,
131
; five pillars,
17
; Iranian republics and,
155
,
156
,
162
; Islamization,
253–54
,
382
;
jihad,
39
,
260
,
315
,
441–42n114
; Kharajis,
18
,
237
; literalist interpretation of,
260
;
mawali,
19
,
409n35
; Mecca controversy over three pagan goddesses,
407n2
; modernism and,
54
,
66
,
156
,
255–57
; nationalism and,
85
,
107
,
194
,
257
,
302
,
313–14
; official,
256
; Pahlavi state and,
57–59
,
60
,
65
,
142
,
147
,
255
; Palestinians and,
302
,
313–14
; political opposition based on,
151
,
152–53
,
155
,
253–64
; prayer,
2
,
17
; Sanusi and,
50
; Saudi king as Custodian of Islam’s Two Holy Mosques,
282
,
439n77
; Saudis using,
235
,
255
,
282
; Six-Day War and,
122
; as submission,
2
,
14
; tithing,
17
; Turkey and,
52
,
54
,
56
,
243–44
,
255
; Wahhabi,
62–63
.
See also
caliphates; Islamism; jurisprudence, Islamic; Muslims; Prophet Muhammad; Quran;
umma

Islamic Action Front (IAF), Jordan,
251
,
252
,
259

Islamic Jihad, Palestinian,
260
,
313–15
,
337
,
345

Islamic Liberation Party, Jordan,
260

Islamic Republic Party (IRP), Iran,
158
,
159
,
161

Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC), Iran,
178
,
224–26
,
368

Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), Algeria,
221–22
,
251
,
260
,
280
,
282

Islamic states,
15–17
,
19

Islamic Tendency Movement, Tunisia,
258

Islamism,
33
,
194
,
253–68
,
279
,
313
; in associations,
285
; fundamentalist,
194–96
,
199–201
,
253–64
,
274
; intellectuals,
255
,
257
,
262–63
; of political elites,
156–63
,
243–44
,
257–58
,
261
,
262
; political parties,
251
,
258–60
,
262
,
282–83
; populist,
255
,
259
,
262
; repression and,
262
,
268
,
272
; terrorist,
194–96
,
261
,
268
;
ulama,
156–63
,
255–58
,
262–63
.
See also
Al-Qaeda/bin Laden; Hamas

Islamization,
253–54
,
382

Ismail (d. 1524),
23
,
29–30

Israel,
404
; Barak,
330–36
; Begin,
134
,
326
; birth of (1948),
35
,
39
,
67
,
73–84
,
299
; Cold War concerns,
111
; Dayan,
119
; divisions among communities in,
302–4
; elections,
245
,
336–37
,
440n91
; GDP,
352
; and globalization,
383
; identity crisis,
305
,
306–7
; and Iran-Iraq War,
161
,
179
; Iraq and,
118
,
131–32
,
179
,
184
,
186
,
190
; Jewish ethnicity,
2
,
73–84
,
241
,
302–6
; Knesset,
126
,
245
,
305
,
326
,
332
,
334
,
440n91
; leaders,
43
,
73–78
,
117–19
,
128–35
,
193
,
247
,
324–38
; Meir,
77
,
128
,
129
,
135
; Mizrachim,
303–6
; national identity,
106
,
302–7
,
317
,
448–49n15
; nationalism,
73
,
75–84
,
98
; Netanyahu,
193
,
204
,
330–31
,
341
; Palestinian citizens of,
2
,
242
,
309
; Palestinian population in,
309
; Palestinians denying existence of,
106
; Peres,
135
,
193
,
324–25
,
327
,
330
,
337
; quasi-democratic state,
215
,
240–42
,
245–47
,
263
; Rabin,
135
,
324–25
,
328–31
,
329
fig;
regional dominance,
193
,
299
;
religions (population),
303
; rentier economy,
359
; Second Gulf War,
186
,
194
; Sharon,
131
,
330–39
; “transfer” of Palestinians from,
450n36
; Turkey alliances,
194
; U.S. aid to,
131
,
197–98
,
432n60
,
433n61
; U.S. invasion of Iraq and,
203
; water,
117
,
319
,
334
,
402
,
403
.
See also
Arab-Israeli ethnicity; Arab-Israeli wars; Israeli Defense Forces (IDF); Israeli-Occupied Territories; Israeli political parties; Jerusalem; Palestinian-Israeli conflict; peace process, Arab-Israeli

Israeli Defense Forces (IDF),
80
; and Al-Aqsa
intifada,
335
,
336
,
452n54
; Arab Israeli service in,
246
; Ashkenazim control,
305
; vs. Hamas,
339
; Lebanon invasion,
133–34
,
186
,
249
,
289
,
327
,
334
; Lebanon withdrawal,
327
,
331
,
403
; 1973 war,
132–33
,
247
; Operation Pillars of Defense,
339–41
; Palestinian homes shot at,
319
; privileged political position,
241
,
246–47
,
263
; Sharon “Disengagement Plan,”
338–39
; Six-Day War,
119–21
,
121
fig,
247
,
422n35
; suicide bombing retaliations,
335
,
337
; U.S. aid,
131
; War of Attrition,
123
,
128
; war crimes,
339
,
451–52n54
.
See also
Arab-Israeli wars

Israeli-Occupied Territories,
116
,
122–28
,
138
,
186
,
193
,
309–42
,
406
; closure of,
323
,
331
; depopulation of Palestinians in,
317–21
,
450n36
; economic development,
310–11
,
317
,
321–23
,
332
; expropriation of Palestinian land,
311
,
318
,
332
,
337
; facts on the ground,
319–21
,
345
; house demolitions,
79–80
,
123
,
198
,
317–19
,
321
,
418n35
,
453–54nn60
,
64
; Israeli violence,
135–36
,
313
,
318
,
334–39
; Jews in,
126
,
128
,
313
,
317–22
,
320
table,
322
fig,
331–33
,
338
fig,
402
,
453–54nn55
,
64
; living conditions,
307
,
312–13
,
317–18
,
321–24
,
451n50
; as occupation,
316
; oil workers from,
360
; Palestinian attitude change,
135–36
; Palestinian refugee camps,
308
,
309
,
310
,
316
,
317
,
450n37
; preferential treatment of Jews,
313
,
317–22
,
453–54nn55
,
64
; repopulation of Jews,
317
,
319–21
,
320
table;
road map for peace and,
336–37
; Sharon “Disengagement Plan,”
338–39
; water,
117
,
319
,
334
,
402
,
403
.
See also
Gaza Strip; Golan Heights; Palestinians; settlements; West Bank

Israeli political parties,
245
; Arab Israeli,
245–46
; IDF influence,
247
; Labor Party,
303
,
305–6
,
327
,
331
; Mapai,
75–76
,
119
; Rafi,
119
; Shas,
304
,
305–6
.
See also
Likud (Unity) Party

Istanbul: air pollution,
397
; Kasimpasha,
365
; Ottoman Empire,
11
,
22
,
37
,
47
; Sykes-Picot Agreement,
40
; Young Turks,
28
,
411n61

Italy: colonialism,
50
,
99
; fascism,
50
; Sykes-Picot Agreement exclusion,
41

Jabari, Ahmed,
341

Jaffa, Partition Plan,
80

janissaries, Ottoman,
23
,
24

Jerusalem: Barak and,
331
,
333
; bombing of the King David Hotel,
80
; British capture,
28
; Camp David II and,
332–33
,
344
; Crusaders,
21
; Islamic expansion into,
17
; Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem,
123
,
318–19
,
333
; Jordan’s section,
84
; Oslo Accords on,
329
; Palestinian land expropriated,
318
; Partition Plan,
80
; repopulation of Jews,
320
; Sadat trip,
133
,
326
; Saladin,
21
; Six-Day War and,
119
,
123
; suicide bombings,
454n74
; Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif,
333–35
; Wailing Wall,
319
,
333

Jesuits, French,
38

Jewish Agency,
75
,
84

The Jewish State
(Herzl),
74–75

Jews,
73–84
; Ashkenazim,
302–7
; Balfour Declaration and,
42–43
; diaspora,
74
,
299
,
387
; ethnic origin,
2
,
73–84
,
241
,
302–6
;
haskala,
74
,
417n14
; Medina,
16
; Mizrachim,
303–6
; in Occupied Territories,
126
,
128
,
313
,
317–22
,
320
table,
322
fig,
331–33
,
338
fig,
402
,
453–54nn55
,
64
; Orthodox,
303
,
306
; Palestine,
42
,
44
,
70
,
73–84
; as religious identity,
2
,
10
,
301–12
; Sephardim,
302–3
; U.S.,
42
,
197–98
,
303
.
See also
European Jews; Israel; Judaism; Zionists