The Modern Middle East (107 page)

jihad,
39
,
260
,
315
,
441–42n114

Jordan,
3
; Arab-Israeli wars,
84
,
117–21
,
126
,
132
; associations,
285
; balancing act,
190
; Black September civil war (1970),
230
; “bread riots” (1980s),
191
,
230
; economic development,
229
,
283
,
352
,
357
,
361
,
364
; independence,
50
,
235
,
412n14
; Iraqi refugees after U.S. invasion,
206
; Jordan-Israel peace treaty (1994),
191
,
403
; loyal opposition,
250
,
283
; Madrid Peace Conference (1991),
327
; national charter,
281
; nationalist symbols,
236
; oil workers from,
360
,
369
; Palestine partitionings and,
46
,
81
map,
84
; and Palestinian-Israeli conflict,
123–26
,
129
,
136
,
230
,
326
,
346
; Palestinians in,
107
,
288
,
309
; parliament,
237
,
251
,
273
,
283
,
412n14
; political parties,
251–53
,
259
,
283
; Sadat break with,
129
; and Sadat initiative,
455n83
; Second Gulf War,
186
,
191
; statism,
352
; Transjordan name change to,
41
,
412n14
; urban populations,
12
,
408n14
; and West Bank,
126
,
136
,
235
,
326
,
455n87
; and Yemeni civil war,
116
.
See also
Jordan’s monarchy; Transjordan

Jordan River: water source,
402–4
.
See also
West Bank

Jordan’s Hashemite ruling family,
42
,
46
,
230
,
283
,
412n9
,
439n78
; Abdullah II (Hussein’s son),
236–39
; Arab nationalism,
71
; demonstrators calling for fall of,
5–6
; Hassan,
236
,
239
; legitimacy,
42
,
229–31
; sherifian,
39
,
230
; Transjordan’s Abdullah,
42
,
46
,
71
,
84
,
412n14
.
See also
Hussein (Jordan king)

Jordan’s monarchy,
42
,
46
,
229–30
; civic myth,
215
,
231
,
238
,
263
; cultural legitimation,
279
; and democracy,
282–83
; economic involvement,
352
; liberalization,
215
,
282–83
; political opposition,
251–53
,
258
,
259
,
282
,
283
; rentierism,
229–30
,
236
,
362
; state formation,
215
,
229–30
,
232
; sultanistic state,
214
,
215
,
229–31
,
238–39
,
283
.
See also
Jordan’s Hashemite ruling family

Judaism,
246
,
302–7
,
448n7
.
See also
Jews

judicial system: Egyptian independence in,
218
; Iran,
59
; Israel,
245
; Turkey’s Swiss Civil Code,
54
.
See also
jurisprudence, Islamic

jurisprudence, Islamic,
16
;
ijma,
16
;
qiyas,
16
;
sharia,
16
,
54
,
59
,
60
,
260
,
389
,
415n66
; Sunna,
16
;
ulama
power eroded,
256

Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi—AKP), Turkey,
244
,
259

Justice and Welfare Party (Adl wal-Ihsan), Morocco,
260
,
280

Karroubi, Mehdi,
166

Kemalism,
53–54
,
71–72
,
242–45
,
279
,
413n37
.
See also
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal

Kenya, U.S. targets attacked in (1998),
195
,
200

Keynesianism, precocious,
362

al-Khalifa monarchy,
272
; Sheikh Hamad,
238
; Sheikh Isa ibn-Sulman,
238

Khamenei, Ayatollah Ali,
167–68

Kharajis (secessionists), Islam,
18
,
237

Khatami, Hojjatoleslam Muhammad,
164–68

Khomeini, Ayatollah Rouhollah,
141
,
147
,
152–65
,
154
fig,
166
,
167
; death (1989),
167
,
168
,
224
,
288
; inclusionary state,
223–24
,
227
; and Iran-Iraq War,
141
,
155
,
156
,
159–63
,
173
,
176
,
178
,
181
; reign of terror,
155
,
156
,
161–63
,
168
,
176
;
velayat faqih
/Leader,
158
,
161
,
168
,
426n22

Khorramshahr, Iran-Iraq War,
178
,
179

King, Stephen,
268

Kinross, Lord,
55
,
410n60

Kiriyenko, Sergei,
168
fig

Kissinger, Henry,
132
,
133
,
157

kleptocracies,
215

Klieman, Aharon,
346

Knesset, Israel,
126
,
245
,
305
,
326
,
332
,
334
,
440n91

Korea, North,
201

Kosovo, Battle of (1389),
22

Kurdish Workers’ Party (PKK),
244–45

Kurds,
2
; Iran,
2
,
143
,
176
; Iraq,
2
,
51
,
180
,
188
,
208
,
431nn41
,
42
; Saladin,
21
; Sunni,
29
; Turkey,
2
,
50
,
52
,
53
,
58
,
242
,
244–45
,
263
; violence toward,
3
,
188
,
244–45

Kuwait: exclusionary state,
217
; foreign workers,
362
,
369
,
392
; Iran-Iraq War,
181–82
,
393
; Iraqi annexation of,
182–83
,
188
; Iraq invasion/Second Gulf War,
172–73
,
182–90
,
208
,
229
,
282
,
327
; loyal opposition,
250
; oil,
184
,
186
,
352
; parliament,
233
,
234
,
250
,
273
; political parties,
251
; rentierism,
361
,
362
; al-Sabah family,
182
,
233
,
234
; sultanistic state,
214
,
229
,
233
,
234

labor organizations: Israel/Zionist,
75–76
,
79
,
303
; ruling bargain,
265–66
; unions in opposition politics,
253
.
See also
employment

Labor Party, Israel,
303
,
305–6
,
327
,
331

Lahoud, Emile,
288

The Lancet,
206

land: Israeli expropriations of Palestinian land,
311
,
318
,
332
,
337
; oil monarchies’ real estate market,
234
; for peace,
125
,
132
,
326
,
331
; reform laws,
94–95
,
146–47
,
151
,
180
,
369
.
See also
agriculture; geography; housing; settlements, Israeli

languages: Arabic,
1
,
3
,
54
,
106
,
122
; French colonial,
3
; Hebrew,
303
; Islamic divisions,
18
; Islamic penetration of multiple,
2
; Ottoman,
54
; print capitalism,
69
; Turkey,
54

Lapidus, Ira,
30

Latin America: authoritarianism,
217
,
273
,
281
,
296
; democratization,
265
,
281
,
296
; economics,
265
; Mercado Comun del Sur (MERCOSUR),
377
; military,
230
; parallel or alternative society,
279
; population data,
388
,
393
; rentierism,
363
; revolution,
140
.
See also
Cuba; Nicaragua

Lausanne, Treaty of (1923),
28

Lawrence, T.E.,
40
,
412n11

leaders: Algeria,
100
,
114
,
219–21
,
282
; Arab cultural,
87
;
beylik,
7
,
99
,
104
,
105
; charismatic,
93–97
,
101
,
114
,
215
,
224–27
,
254
; exclusionary,
215–21
,
223–27
; Irani Leader/
velayat faqih,
158–68
,
224
,
426n22
; Israel,
43
,
73–78
,
117–19
,
128–35
,
193
,
247
,
324–38
; military control during uprisings (2011),
294–95
; patrimonial,
65
,
276–77
; presidential monarchies,
268–71
,
387
; public display of portraits,
220
,
224
,
227
,
269
,
437–38n36
; Tunisia,
39
,
100
,
105–6
,
114
,
116–17
,
215–21
,
253
,
282
;
uymaqs,
29
,
30
.
See also
clerics; dictatorships; local notables; military coups; monarchies; personal politics; political elites; political parties; ruling families; shahs;
individual leaders

League of Arab States.
See
Arab League

League of Nations,
44
,
46
,
51

Lebanon,
1
,
3
,
40
,
51
; Arab-Israeli wars,
84
; civil war (1975–91),
13
,
138
,
240
,
248–49
,
288
,
327
; creation of,
39
,
44
; democratization,
215
,
240
,
241
,
248
,
262
,
280
,
285–90
; economic development,
348
,
352
,
361
,
377
; Eisenhower Doctrine,
111
; France and,
38
,
44
,
50
,
248
; Hawi,
257
; Hezbollah,
249
,
260
,
289
; independence (1943),
240
,
247–48
; Israeli invasion,
133–34
,
186
,
249
,
289
,
327
,
334
; Israeli withdrawal,
327
,
331
,
403
; local notables
(zuʿama),
247
,
250
,
288
; National Pact/al-Mithaq al-Watani (1943),
248
,
288
; oil workers from,
360
; Palestinians in,
107
,
248
,
288
,
309
,
334
; PLO,
125
,
311
; quasi-democratic state,
215
,
240–42
,
247–50
,
263
; religions,
38
,
44
,
247
,
248
,
249
,
288
,
334
; Shiʿites,
247
,
248
,
249
,
274
; Syria and,
248–49
,
288–89
; Taʾif Accord (1972),
248–49
,
288–89
; water,
400
,
401