The Modern Middle East (111 page)

“the Other,”
6
,
13
,
302
,
304

Ottoman Empire,
1–3
,
21–28
,
33
,
405
; and Arabian peninsula,
23
,
28
,
39
,
62
,
63
; Arab Revolt vs. (1916–18),
28
,
35
,
39–40
,
62
; Britain and,
24
,
28
,
37
,
62
,
63
; central authority lacking,
13
,
47
,
48
,
62
; colonialist,
33–34
,
387
; demise (early 20th century),
1–4
,
7
,
13
,
24–25
,
28
,
35–37
,
44
,
50
,
65–66
,
86–87
,
218
; dismemberment of,
39–42
,
41
map,
43
; Egypt,
23
,
24
,
46
,
412n7
; European loans,
38
; expansion (1500s),
7
,
21
; gunpowder empire,
23
; Istanbul,
11
,
22
,
37
,
47
; janissaries,
23
,
24
;
jihad,
39
; language,
54
; Maghreb,
23
,
47–50
,
106
; nationalism (Ottomanism),
27
,
52
,
70–71
,
85
,
86–87
,
107
; New Order (Nizam-i Jedid),
25
; Palestine,
46
; Safavids compared,
28–29
; Sublime Porte (Bab-i Homayun/Bab-i Ali),
23
,
38
,
47
; Tanzimat,
25
; three periods,
23–27
; Turkey,
20
,
22
,
23
,
28
,
47
,
51–53
; Yemen,
114

Owen, Roger,
265

paganism,
10
,
14
,
15
,
16

Pahlavi, Muhammad Reza Shah,
58
,
62
,
142–53
,
427n26
; end of rule (1979),
58
,
61
,
141
,
148
,
153
,
169
; exclusionary leader,
228
; in exile,
153
,
157–58
; Pahlavi name,
415n59
; U.S. and,
144–46
,
157–58
,
198
,
427n34

Pahlavi, Reza Shah,
32–33
,
39
,
56–62
,
141–42
; Atatürk and,
57
,
58
,
60
fig,
61
; British removal/forced abdication (1941),
61
,
141
,
142
,
143
; death (1944),
61
; exclusionary leader,
228
; and Majles,
56–59
,
142
,
143
,
145
; and
ulama,
57–58
,
60
,
256
; with West vs. communists,
95

Pahlavi state, Iran,
32–33
,
56–62
,
141–53
,
235
; four groups opposing,
150–53
; four phases,
141–49
; military,
59
,
146
,
153–55
,
224
; nationalism,
58
,
71–72
.
See also
Pahlavi, Muhammad Reza Shah; Pahlavi, Reza Shah

Pakistan: Baghdad Pact,
110
; intelligence service (ISI),
199–200
; U.S. military presence,
201

Palestine,
51
,
301
;
aliya
/migration from Europe to,
73–77
,
76
table,
85
,
88
,
300
,
301
; Balfour Declaration (1917),
41
,
42
,
44
; birth of,
39
; Britain and,
37
,
38
,
44–46
,
50
,
65–66
,
79–80
,
87–89
; Israel replacing (1948),
39
,
82–84
,
299
; Jews,
42
,
44
,
70
,
73–84
; mandatory rule,
44
,
46
,
50
,
51
,
79–80
,
85
,
86–87
,
86
table;
Middle Eastern and African Jews migrating to,
303–4
; Nasserism and,
85
,
90
; Ottoman,
46
;
partitionings,
46
,
80–82
,
81
map,
84
; Saladin,
21
; Sykes-Picot Agreement,
40
,
412n19
; UN nonmember observer status,
341
,
342
.
See also
Israel; Palestinian refugees; Palestinians

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO),
86
,
86
table,
117
,
123–25
,
311
,
315–16
; accommodationism,
325
; Arab Liberation Front,
124
; Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP),
124
; Democratic Union (FIDA),
124
; Fatah,
117
,
124
,
315–16
,
338
,
339
; and
intifada,
86
,
302
,
311–15
,
323
,
327
,
329–30
; Iraq supported by,
124
,
393
; Jordanian tensions with,
230
; legitimacy,
136
,
308
,
449n28
; and Madrid Peace Conference (1991),
327
; and 1973 war,
136
,
313
; organizations within,
124
; Oslo Accords (1993),
86
,
125
,
135
,
313–15
,
328–34
,
329
fig,
455nn89
,
90
; outside leadership,
309–10
,
313–14
,
329
; Palestine National Council (PNC),
124
,
313
; Palestine National Front and,
136
; Palestinian Liberation Army (PLA),
84
,
124
; Palestinian Liberation Front,
124
; political Islam and,
313–14
; Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP),
124
; Rabin negotiation over Gaza Strip and West Bank (1993),
135
; and Sadat initiative,
326
,
455n83
; Second Gulf War,
186
; secular,
302
,
310
,
313–14
,
315
,
450n37
; Shuqairi,
123
; and Syrian Vanguard for the Popular Liberation War,
124
; UN land for peace resolution,
125
.
See also
Arafat, Yasser

Palestine National Council (PNC),
124
,
313

Palestine National Front,
136

Palestinian-Israeli conflict,
4–6
,
8
,
193
,
209
,
211
,
299–346
; accommodationists,
324–26
; Arab solidarity with Palestinians,
90
,
172
; Arab unity and,
172
; borders,
123
,
333
; Clinton involvement,
191
,
329
fig,
331
,
332
,
334
,
336
,
342
; deportation of Palestinian activists from Israel,
315
,
324
; exile experience,
299
; human rights abuses by Israelis,
318–19
,
322
fig,
339
,
451–52n54
; international sympathy for Palestinians,
198
,
275
; and Israel as quasi-democratic state,
241–42
; Jordan and,
123–26
,
129
,
136
,
230
,
326
,
346
,
455n87
; and living conditions in Occupied Territories,
307
,
312–13
,
317–18
,
321–24
,
451n50
;
mizug galuyot,
306
; nationalisms/national identities and,
73
,
82–98
,
106
,
276
,
300–317
,
449n30
; “the Other,”
6
,
302
; peace process,
6
,
125
,
191
,
193
,
211
,
323–46
; rejectionism,
315
,
325
,
330
,
345
; ruling bargain,
212
; after Six-Day war,
123
; U.S. and,
186
,
197–98
; violence,
79–80
,
83
,
135–38
,
193
,
312–21
,
323
,
334–40
,
450–54
; water scarcity and,
402
.
See also
Arab-Israeli wars;
intifadas;
Israeli-Occupied Territories; Palestinian nationalism; Zionists

Palestinian Liberation Army (PLA),
84
,
124

Palestinian National Authority (PNA),
315
,
316
,
331
,
345
,
346
; Abbas,
338
; and Al-Aqsa
intifada
(2000),
317
,
335
; Arafat,
312
,
312
fig,
330
; and associations,
285
; Camp David II and,
332–34
; central bank,
381
; foreign aid,
339
; Hamas conflicts with,
308–9
,
313–14
,
315
,
334
,
339
,
451n48
; after Israeli withdrawal from Gaza,
339–42
; Oslo Accords and,
86
,
308
,
313–15
,
329–33
; Palestinian nationalism phase,
86
,
86
table,
311–12
; Sharon and,
336
; Wye River Memorandum and,
331

Palestinian nationalism,
70
,
73
,
84–90
,
98–99
,
106
,
284
,
300–316
; lost years (1948–67),
85
,
86
table,
88
,
311
; mandatory period,
85
,
86–87
,
86
table;
nakba
(1948),
85
,
88
,
98–99
,
126
,
318
; Palestinian National Authority phase,
86
,
86
table,
311
; peaceful resistance phase (1914–17),
87
; phases,
85–88
,
86
table,
311
,
419n45
; PLO years (1967–87),
85
,
86
table,
311
; radicalization phase (1928–33),
87
; religious,
302
,
313–14
; secular,
301–16
,
450n37
.
See also
Arabism (Arab nationalism);
intifadas;
Palestinian-Israeli conflict

Palestinian refugees: Arab nationalism and,
90
; Camp David II and,
333
; camps in Lebanon,
107
,
334
; camps in Occupied Territories,
308
,
309
,
310
,
316
,
317
,
450n37
; and national identity,
307–8
; 1948 war,
83–84
,
89
table,
121
; oil monarchies,
393
; Oslo Accords and,
329
; Palestinian nationalism and,
88
; population,
83
,
88
,
89
table,
106–7
,
236
,
307
,
309
,
317
,
419n45
; right of return,
329
,
332–37
,
344
; Six-Day War (1967),
121
,
123
,
317
; UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA),
309

Palestinians,
299
; Arab-Israeli ethnicity,
2
,
306
,
309
; Arab Revolt (1936–39) vs. British,
80
,
85
,
88–89
,
302
; Arab solidarity with,
90
,
172
; associations,
124
,
285
; civil society organizations,
308
; Deir Yassin massacre,
82–83
,
419n43
; diaspora,
89
,
309–10
,
387
; divisions among,
302
,
307–8
; education,
87
,
450n39
; Egypt and,
90
,
96
; Fedayeen,
96
,
117
,
123
,
124–25
,
126
,
138
; GDP,
323
; Hezbollah and,
260
; house demolitions,
79–80
,
123
,
198
,
317–19
,
321
,
324
,
418n35
,
453–54nn60
,
64
; insiders/street,
308
,
328–33
; institutions,
308
,
313–15
; international sympathy for,
198
,
275
; Islamic Jihad,
260
,
313–15
,
337
,
345
; Israeli depopulation of,
317–21
,
450n36
; in Israeli-Occupied Territories,
135–36
,
260
,
300
,
302
,
309–24
,
329–30
,
331
,
337
; Israelis denying existence of,
77–79
,
84
,
106
,
300
,
302
,
307
,
316–17
,
329
,
345
; in Jordan,
107
,
288
,
309
; in Lebanon,
107
,
248
,
288
,
309
,
334
; local notables
(aʿyan),
310
; local popular committees,
311
; national identity,
66
,
85
,
86
table,
87
,
316–17
,
449n30
; and Partition Plan,
80–82
; peripheral in Israel,
304
,
306
; religions,
74
,
302
,
310
,
314–16
; riots (1929),
87
; Six-Day War as watershed for,
123
; strike (1936),
88
; “transfer” of,
450n36
; youth,
82
,
123–24
,
310
,
311
,
323
,
335
,
450n39
.
See also
Hamas; Palestinian-Israeli conflict; Palestinian nationalism; Palestinian refugees