The Modern Middle East (112 page)

Pan-Arabism,
72–73
,
89–90
,
97–98
,
107
,
171–72
,
190–94
,
262
; Arab Spring and uprisings (2011),
291
; Egypt/Nasser,
72
,
90
,
97–98
,
106–9
,
113–14
,
137–38
,
172
,
190–92
; Syria,
7
,
72
,
108
,
109
,
113–14
,
137
.
See also
Arabism (Arab nationalism); Arab League

Pappe, Ilan,
83–84
,
317

parliaments,
285
; Egypt,
127
,
269
,
290
; exclusionary states,
221
; Israeli Knesset,
126
,
245
,
305
,
326
,
332
,
334
,
440n91
; Jordan,
237
,
251
,
273
,
283
,
412n14
; Kuwait,
233
,
234
,
250
,
273
; Lebanon,
288
; Morocco,
238
,
250
,
273
,
283
,
286
; Ottoman,
86–87
; political opposition in,
251
; presidential monarchies,
270
,
276
; Syria,
276
; Turkey,
28
,
53
,
54
,
244–45
.
See also
elections; Majles (Iranian parliament); National Assembly

Party for Justice and Development (PJD), Morocco,
282–83

patriarchy, Palestinian,
312

patrimonialism,
65
,
228
,
273

patronage,
199
,
254
,
459n43
; associations,
285
; corporatist,
361
; foreign,
260
; monarchies,
233–38
,
281–82
,
372
; Palestinian,
311
; patrimonialism,
65
,
228
,
273
; “patron states,”
277–78
,
348–49
; ruling bargain and,
291

pax Americana,
196
,
199
,
201

peace, democratic,
213

peace process, Arab-Israeli,
135
,
323–46
; Camp David Accord (1978),
125
,
134
,
197
,
325–27
,
333
,
345
,
455n83
; Camp David II (2000),
331–34
,
336–37
,
344
; Egypt-Israel,
109
,
128
,
132–34
,
193
,
325–27
,
332–33
,
424n69
; IDF influence,
247
; Israel’s New Middle East proposal,
193
; Jordan-Israel peace treaty (1994),
191
,
403
; land for peace,
125
,
331
; Madrid Peace Conference (1991),
326
,
327
; Palestinian-Israeli,
6
,
125
,
191
,
193
,
211
,
323–46
; road map for peace,
336–37
; Sinai I & II treaties,
133
,
135
; UN resolutions,
125
,
132
; U.S. and,
125
,
133–34
,
197
,
204
,
325–27
,
331–34
,
336–37
,
342
,
344
.
See also
Oslo Accords; treaties

Peres, Shimon,
135
,
193
,
324–25
,
327
,
330
,
337

Perle, Richard,
204

Persians, Iran,
2
,
18
,
20
,
29
,
175

personal politics,
66
,
171
,
266
,
268–69
; exclusionary states,
219–20
,
228
,
269
,
437n36
; inclusionary states,
223–27
; oil monarchies,
232
; opposition parties,
252–53
; Pahlavi,
61
,
142
; patrimonial,
65
,
228
,
276–77
; public display of portraits,
220
,
224
,
227
,
269
,
437–38n36
; Saddam,
177
,
223–27
,
269
,
276
,
429n9
.
See also
leaders; local notables; monarchies; patronage; political elites

petroleum era,
359–60
.
See also
oil

Philippines, democratization,
281

Plan Dalet,
83–84

PLO.
See
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)

PNA.
See
Palestinian National Authority

poetry,
1
,
56
,
257
,
414n56

Poland: democracy from above,
281
; immigrants to Israel from,
303
; new state,
70

police: economic development and,
385
; Iran,
60
,
145–46
,
147
,
150
,
151
,
152
,
166–67
; Iraqi female,
175
fig;
Palestinian,
330
,
336
; presidential monarchies,
269
,
270
,
271
; security state,
270
,
271
; tribalism,
233
.
See also
intelligence agencies;
mukhaberat;
repression, state

political elites: Abbasid,
20
; during Arab Spring and uprisings (2011),
291–95
; and democracy,
239–48
,
268–69
,
280–90
; globalization and,
382
; hard-liners and soft-liners/liberalizers,
289
,
297
; Ilkhanid,
22
; image,
149–50
,
283
; Iran,
167–68
; Iraq,
174
,
179
; Islamist,
156–63
,
243–44
,
257–58
,
261
,
262
; Lebanese
zuʿama,
247
,
250
,
288
; Mecca,
15
,
17
; nationalism and,
69–70
,
91
,
192
; and national security,
213
; opposition parties and,
252–53
; “Oriental despots,”
283
; Palestinian counterelite,
307–11
,
313
,
315–16
; Palestinian traditional,
310–11
; rentierism,
359
; Saljuq,
22
; Umayyad,
19
.
See also
authoritarianism; caliphates; central authority; dictatorships; intellectuals; leaders; local notables; military coups; parliaments; personal politics; political parties; ruling bargain; ruling families

political Islam.
See
Islamism

political opposition,
250–64
,
273
; clandestine/informal,
250
,
253
; by clerics,
152–66
,
255–58
,
262–64
; exclusionary states,
217
,
222
; intellectuals,
151–52
,
255
,
257
,
262–63
,
273
,
286
; Iran,
59
,
141–68
,
251
,
254–57
,
285–86
; Jordan,
249
,
251–53
,
259
,
282
,
283
; loyal,
54
,
221
,
238
,
250
,
283
; middle class,
251
,
260
,
280
; Morocco,
238
,
251
,
253
,
260
,
282
,
283
,
286–87
; newspapers,
253
,
285
,
286
; officially recognized/formal,
250
; political parties,
150–61
,
217
,
221–22
,
230
,
238
,
250–64
,
280
,
290
,
296
; radicalization of,
253–64
; repression vs.,
59
,
149
,
155–68
,
175
,
211
,
250–56
,
261
,
263
,
273
,
286–87
,
296
; secular vs. religious,
250
,
257
,
263
; sultanistic states and,
215
,
230
,
238
,
249
; Tunisia,
217
,
251–53
,
258–59
,
291
,
292
,
296
.
See also
Arab Spring and uprisings (2011); coups; Islamism; rebellion; revolutions; street demonstrations

political parties: Bahrain,
272
; change through,
285
; exclusionary states,
219
,
221
; Iran,
58
,
148–61
,
251
,
399
; Islamist,
251
,
258–60
,
262–64
,
282–83
; Jordan,
251–53
,
259
,
283
; Kurdish,
244–45
; Morocco,
19
,
101
,
102
,
237
,
238
,
251–53
,
260
,
280
,
283
; multipartyism,
242
,
282–83
; national liberation,
69
; opposition,
150–61
,
217
,
221–22
,
230
,
238
,
250–64
,
280
,
290
,
296
; ruling bargain and,
265–66
; state (sole official party),
251
,
285
; Syria,
109
,
112–13
,
116
,
173
,
219
,
222
,
228
,
251
,
260
,
280
; Tunisia,
100
,
104–5
,
107
,
218
,
219
,
222
,
251–52
,
258–59
,
271
,
282
; Turkey,
53–55
,
242–45
,
252–53
,
259
,
260
,
283–84
.
See also
Algerian political parties; Baʿth party; Egyptian political parties; Israeli political parties

politics,
4
,
6
,
7
; community type,
11
; economic actors and,
363
,
372
,
373
; Egyptian chaotic,
91
; exclusionary state,
215
; exit of society from,
279–80
; fascism,
50
,
51
,
76
,
91
,
301
,
302
,
330
; globalization and,
374–77
; Israeli-Occupied Territories,
321
; leading to uprisings (2011),
372–73
; liberalization,
215
,
219
,
234–35
,
244–45
,
262
,
280–90
,
358
,
372–73
; Mecca and Medina,
17
; Mizrachim and Ashkenazim,
303
,
304
,
305
; religion emerging in,
10–11
; rentierism and,
460n54
; “street,”
123
,
157
,
331
,
332–33
.
See also
central authority; confederations; conflicts; domestic politics; international allies; Islamism; nationalism; personal politics; political elites; political opposition; populism; states; treaties

pollution, environmental,
388
,
396–401

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP),
124

Popular Militia/Popular Army, Iraq,
174
,
226
,
368

population,
388–96
,
390–91
table;
by age,
393
,
395
table;
Arab Israelis,
246
; Arab refugees from Six-Day War,
121
; Arab Revolt (1936–39),
88
; Arafat’s bodyguards,
330
; Egyptian forces in Yemen,
115
; Egypt’s economy and,
348
,
355
; fertility rates,
389
,
392
table,
394–96
,
425n3
; and geography,
12–13
,
33
; Germans in Iran,
415n74
; Greeks sent from Turkey to Greece,
53
; infant mortality rates,
388–89
; Iran,
425n3
; Iran-Iraq War forces,
178
; Iran-Iraq War POWs,
181
; Iraqi Baʿthists,
226
; Iraqi military,
178
,
226
; Iraqi refugees after U.S. invasion,
206
; Israel’s religions,
303
; Italian colonialism and,
48
,
50
,
99
; Jews in Israel,
303
; Jews in Occupied Territories,
319–20
,
320
table,
331–33
; Jews in Palestine (1800s–1900s),
74
,
76–77
,
76
table,
80–82
; Lebanese religions,
247
; life expectancy,
388–89
; Maghrebi
colons,
99
; Muslims in Afghanistan-Soviet conflict,
199
; Palestine (1800s–1900s),
74
,
77
,
80–82
; Palestinian depopulations in Occupied Territories,
317–21
; Palestinian house demolitions,
79–80
,
317–19
,
418n35
,
453n60
; Palestinian Israeli,
309
; Palestinian police,
330
; Palestinian poverty,
322–23
; Palestinian refugees,
83
,
88
,
89
table,
106–7
,
236
,
309
,
317
,
419n45
; Saud clan,
233–34
; security
state apparatus,
271
; urban concentrations,
12–13
,
33
,
396
,
397
; U.S. and British troops in Iraq,
204
; water scarcity and,
400–401
,
403
; youth,
266
,
393
; Zionist (1890s),
75
; Zionist immigrants to Palestine (late 1800s),
76–77
; Zionist military,
82
.
See also
casualties