The Modern Middle East (113 page)

populism: authoritarian,
219
,
223
; Egypt,
91–98
,
110
,
113
; inclusionary states,
214
,
215
,
218
; Iran,
161
,
166
,
178
,
223
,
224
; Iraq,
214
,
223
,
226
; Islamist,
255
,
259
,
262
; Israeli Shas Party,
305–6
; Palestinian nationalism,
86
table;
“populist-corporatist,”
457n7
; ruling bargain,
275–76
; Tunisia and,
215
,
217
; Turkey,
244

postal system, Ottoman,
25

poverty,
387
; Islamic fundamentalism and,
262
; Israeli-Occupied Territories,
321–24
; Lebanese Shiʿites,
248
; punished by states,
368–69
,
461–62n69

praetorian dictatorships,
214
,
217–23
,
278
,
435n3

pragmatism: dual containment policy,
201
; Hijaz nationalism,
417n9
; Iranian Republic,
163
; Middle East regimes,
272
; Nasser,
113
; Rabin,
328
; Zionist,
82

prayer, Islamic,
2
,
17

predatory regimes,
217

presidential monarchies,
268–71
,
276
,
387

print capitalism,
69
,
87

prisons, Israeli, radicalizing effects of,
315

privatization,
261
,
361

Progressive Republican Party, Turkey,
53

Prophet Muhammad,
2
,
14–19
,
408–9n17
; born Muhammad ibn-Abdullah,
14
; death (632),
10
,
17
;
hijrah,
15
,
409n21
; sherifian rulers related to,
39
,
47
,
101
,
230
; wife Khadija,
14
; Yathrib,
11
,
15
,
409n21
.
See also
caliphates

protectorates,
65–66
,
114
.
See also
mandatory protectorates

protests.
See
rebellion; street demonstrations; strikes

public employment.
See
civil service/public employment

punishments, by state,
368–69
,
461–62n69

Qaddafi, Muammar: and Arab nation,
172
,
177
,
192
; Arab Spring and uprisings (2011),
291
,
295
,
295
fig;
brought down,
267
,
387
; inclusionary state,
215
,
218
,
223–28
; Nasser and,
137–38
,
192
; patrimonialism,
276
; revolution from above,
140
; Third Way,
254

Qaddafi, Seif al-Islam,
276

Qadisiyya, Arab-Persian battle,
175
,
227

Qajars,
27
,
28
,
30–33
,
56–57

al-Qassam Brigade,
451n48

Qassem, Abd al-Karim,
173–74
,
218

Qatar: foreign workers,
393
; Lebanon mediation by,
249
; Libyan activists supplied by,
296
; Middle East and North Africa Economic Conference,
193
; oil revenues,
352
; and political opposition,
250
; sultanistic state,
214
,
215
,
217
,
233
,
235
; Syrian activists supplied by,
296

Qavam, Ahmad,
147

qiyas,
16

Quartet on the Middle East (US/UN/European Union/Russia),
343

quasi-democracies,
213–16
,
239–50
,
263

Quran,
14
,
15
,
16
; Arabic language,
1
; profession of faith with,
17
; Sufism and,
411n63

Quraysh tribe,
14
,
19
,
412n9

Quwatli, Shukri,
112

Rabin, Yitzhak,
135
,
324–25
,
328–31
,
329
fig

racism, Aramco,
416n83

radio: Arab broadcasts to Palestinians,
83
; corrupting innovation,
63
;
Egypt,
98
,
113
,
122
,
123
,
423n41
; Israeli broadcasts to Palestinians,
317
; Sudan,
222
; Turkey,
243

Rafi Party, Israel,
119

Rafsenjani, Ali Akbar Hashemi,
162
,
167
,
224

railways: Baghdad,
37–38
; Iran,
60
; from Mediterranean to India through Iraq,
413n27
; Ottoman,
25
; Turkey,
54

rainfall,
400
,
401
.
See also
drought

Ramadan: Islamic fasting,
17
,
105
,
131
; 1973 war,
129–33
,
423n55
; Prophet and,
16

The Ramadan War,
133

al-Rashid, Harun,
20

al-Rashid clan,
63

Rashidun (Rightly Guided Ones),
18
.
See also
caliphates

Rastakhiz Party, Iran,
148
,
251

RCD (Constitutional Democratic Rally), Tunisia,
271

Reagan, Ronald,
160–61
,
184
,
204

rebellion,
229
,
265–98
.
See also
Arab Spring and uprisings (2011); Islamism; revolutions; riots; street demonstrations; strikes

recession (1980s and 1990s),
261–62

red lines,
239
,
331

Refah Party, Turkey,
243–44
,
252
,
259

refugees: Arabs in Six-Day War,
121
; Iraqi after U.S. invasion,
206
; Syrian civil war,
296
.
See also
Palestinian refugees

rejectionism, Arab-Israeli conflict,
190
; Palestinian-Israeli,
315
,
325
,
330
,
345

religions,
10
,
179
,
263
; Arab-Israeli,
245–48
,
440n93
; Druze,
47
,
74
,
245–48
,
303
,
440n93
; Islam as more than,
2
; Israel populations,
303
; Jews/Judaism,
2
,
10
,
246
,
301–12
,
448n7
; Lebanon,
38
,
44
,
247
,
248
,
249
,
288
,
334
; Middle Eastern commonalities,
1
,
2
,
3
; minorities (treatment of),
19
,
27
,
29
,
44
; monotheistic,
10
,
15
,
62–63
; pagan,
10
,
14
,
15
,
16
; Palestinian,
74
,
302
,
310
,
314–16
; political emergence,
10–11
; Turkish nationalism and,
27
,
54
; Zoroastrianism,
10
.
See also
Christians; clerics; fundamentalism; Muslims; mysticism; secularism

rentierism,
63
,
349
,
358–63
,
458n35
,
459–60nn37
,
45
,
47
,
54
; monarchies,
229–30
,
235
,
359
,
362
,
383
,
385
,
459–60nn37
,
45
; oil and,
359–62
,
383
,
385
,
459n37
; unruly,
362–63
,
384

repression, state,
211
,
215
,
265–98
; Arab Spring and uprisings (2011),
291–92
,
296
,
298
; censorship,
59
,
273
,
286
; exclusionary states,
214
,
217
,
221–23
,
263
,
278
; inclusionary states,
223–28
,
263
; Islamism and,
262
,
268
,
272
; of Kurds,
2
,
242
,
244–45
; Morocco,
238
,
286–87
; vs. political opposition,
59
,
149
,
155–68
,
175
,
211
,
250–56
,
261
,
263
,
273
,
286–87
,
296
; quasi-democratic states,
242
,
244–45
; ruling bargain and,
212
,
272–81
; sultanistic states and,
232
,
235
,
238
; vs. terrorism,
265
.
See also
authoritarianism; human rights abuses; police; violence

republicanism: Egyptian,
92
; exclusionary states,
222
; French colonialism,
3
; and patrimonialism,
276–77
; Russian,
191
; Tunisian,
104
,
105
; Turkey,
28
,
50
,
53–54
,
56
; Yemen,
114–16
.
See also
elections; Iranian republicanism; parliaments

Republican People’s Party (RPP), Turkey,
53–54
,
55

“republic of fear,” Saddam’s,
189–90
,
206
,
226

Revolutionary Command Council (RCC): Egypt,
92–95
; exclusionary state,
218
; Iraq,
174–75

revolutions,
107
,
139
,
170
,
249
; from above,
140
,
242
; Algerian,
100
,
103–4
,
116
,
140
; Arab Revolt vs. Ottomans (1916–18),
28
,
35
,
39–40
,
62
; Arab Revolt (Palestinians vs.
British 1936–39),
80
,
85
,
88–89
; coups distinct from,
140
; Egypt (2011),
5
,
217
,
267
,
275
,
292–94
,
386
; European “Spring of Nations”/”Springtime of Peoples” (1848),
405
; European Velvet Revolutions,
405
; exclusionary states,
218
; four ideal types,
140
; French,
25
,
140
,
168
; inclusionary states,
215
,
223
,
228
; Iranian Constitutional Revolution (1905–11),
31–33
,
56
,
61
,
142–43
,
284
; Iranian White Revolution (Inqilab-e Sefeed)/Revolution of the Shah and the People (1963),
146–48
,
152
; Islam as,
15
; Libya,
5
,
217
,
226
,
267
,
275
,
294
,
368
; Nasser (1952),
42
,
85
,
91–93
,
97
,
102
,
114
,
115
,
140
; nationalism and,
274
; negotiated,
140
; Neolithic Revolution,
11
; 1973 war and,
137
; planned,
140
; Russian (1917),
28
,
41
,
43
; Six-Day War defeat and,
122
; spontaneous,
140
,
141
,
151
; Sudan’s October Revolution (1964),
218
; sultanistic states,
230
; theatrical,
139
; Tunisia,
5
,
107
,
217
,
267
,
275
,
294
,
386
; Turkey’s revolutionism,
51
,
53
,
54
,
140
,
242
,
413n37
; Yemen,
115
,
294
,
296
.
See also
Arab Spring and uprisings (2011); Iranian revolution (1978–79)

Reza.
See
Pahlavi, Reza Shah

Rice, Condoleezza,
204

Richards, Alan,
349
,
461n62