The Mohammed Code: Why a Desert Prophet Wants You Dead (78 page)

1011
RELIGIONS AND RELIGIOUS THOUGHTS OF INDIA.

ZOROASTRIANISM IN INDIA. Culturopedia: Treasure House of India's Culture and Heritage. India.
Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://www.culturopedia.com/Religions/zoroastrianism.html

1012
The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture

by Annemarie Schimmel. London: Reaktion Books, 2004: p. 38

1013
Jean Jacques Waardenburg. Muslims and Others. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2003: p. 119.

1014
Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions

by Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, 1999: p 28

1015
Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Contributors: John S. Bowman - editor. Publisher: Columbia University Press. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 2000. Page Number: 410.

1016
Lyusi’s full name was Abu Ali al-Yusi.

1017
David Robinson. Muslim Societies in African History. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2004: p. 99-100.

1018
Azyumardi Azra, Martin van Bruinessen, Julia Howell. Sufism and the 'Modern' in Islam

An international conference organised by Griffith University (Brisbane), the International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM, Leiden), and the Centre for the Study of Islam and Society (PPIM, Jakarta)

Jakarta, 4-7 September 2003. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://let.uu.nl/~martin.vanbruinessen/personal/conferences/sufism_and_the_modern.html
. Willem A Bijlefeld (professor emeritus at Hartford Seminary, Hartford, Conn.). Sufism: General Information. BELIEVE Religious Information Source. Retrieved October 15, 2006, from the World Wide Web http://mb-soft.com/believe/txo/sufism.htm.

1019
Elisabeth Sirriyeh. Sufis and Anti-Sufis: The Defence, Rethinking and Rejection of Sufism in the Modern World. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 1999. Neil Douglas-Klotz. The Sufi Book of Life: 99 Pathways of the Heart for the Modern Dervish. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://www.sufibookoflife.com/intro.html

1020
Charles McLean Andrews. The Historical Development of Modern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Present Time. London: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1898: p. 314. Art Biligisayar. Discover the Ottomans. TheOttomans.org. Retrieved April 20, 2013 , from the World Wide Web

http://www.theottomans.org/english/history/history1700_7.asp
and
http://www.theottomans.org/english/history/history1800_7.asp
. Wikipedia. List of Caliphs.
Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_caliphs

1021
The Khilafat Movement

by Gail Minault.New York: Columbia University Press, 1982.

Retrieved August 12, 2005, from the World Wide Web

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pan-islamism

1022

1023
Gail Minault. The Khilafat Movement. New York: Columbia University Press, 1982.

1024
Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Contributors: John S. Bowman - editor. Publisher: Columbia University Press. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 2000. Page Number: 304.

1025
Some of the Khalifat Movement’s leaders were pluralists, but not all. Writes Surya Prakash in The Pioneer of New Delhi, “Maulana Mohamed Ali, who presided over the All-India Khilafat Conference in 1921,” made the following statement about Mahatma Gandhi. "However pure Mr Gandhi's character may be, he must appear to me from the point of view of religion inferior to any Mussalman." (Surya Prakash. Muslim clergy's contempt for courts. The Pioneer, New Delhi 22 November 2005)

1026
Rahil Khan. Abul Kalam Azad. In Vinay Lal, ed. Manas: India and Its Neighbors.

http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Independent/Azad_indepindia.html
. Pran Nath Chopra. Encyclopaedia of India. Delhi: Agam Prakashan, 1988.

1027
Azad, (Maulana) Abul Kalam. In Sirajul Islam, ed. Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/A_0376.htm

1028
I’ve used the portrait of Azad drawn by the Banglapedia. In fact, Azad may have been far less of a pluralist than the Banglapedia admits. His primary goal, according to another chronicler of the Khalifat movement Gail Minault, was Moslem unity, Moslem obedience to the central authority of the Caliph, and, when necessary, jihad. Azad’s interpretation of jihad was as peaceful struggle. But Minault feels Azad left the possibility of militant jihad—Holy War—open. Here is Minault’s most pluralistic passage on Azad:
"He then drew a contrast between those non-Muslims who (like the British) invade Muslim lands and threaten the Muslim religion, and those non-Muslims who (like the Hindus) live in peace with Muslims. The latter must be treated with friendship and trust, while all friendship with the former must be abandoned."

The Khilafat Movement

by Gail Minault.New York: Columbia University Press, 1982: p. 95.

1029
Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab.

Iraq Museum International Open Encyclopedia. http://www.baghdadmuseum.org/ref/index.php?title=Muhammad_bin_Abdul_Wahhab

Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia: Networks of Malay-Indonesian and Middle Eastern 'Ulama" in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.

by Azyumardi Azra. University of Hawaii Press, 2004.

Retrieved April 20, 2013 , from the World Wide Web

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al_Wahhab

1030
Reza F. Safa. Inside Islam--A Former Radical Shiite Muslim Speaks Out: Exposing and Reaching the World of Islam. Lake Mary, Florida: Charisma House, 1997.
Rachel Ehrenfeld. Funding Evil, Expanded Edition: How Terrorism Is Financed -- And How to Stop It. Chicago: Bonus Books, 2003: pp. 25-26. Dore Gold. Hatred's Kingdom: How Saudi Arabia Supports New Global Terrorism.Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing: pp. 126, 149. Militant Islam Monitor.org. The Islamisation of North America -The North American Islamic Trust and the Dow Jones Islamic Fund. January 12, 2006.
Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://www.militantislammonitor.org/article/id/1544

1031
Retrieved from the World Wide Web May 05, 2004

http://www.intellnet.org/documents/300/080/382.htm

Usama bin Ladin during the Jihad in Afghanistan Usama bin Ladin Abu Abdullah Usama bin Ladin DECLARATION OF WAR AGAINST THE AMERICANS OCCUPYING THE LAND OF THE TWO HOLY PLACES "Expel the Infidels from the Arab Peninsula" A Message from Usama bin Muhammad bin Laden unto his Muslim Brethren all over the World generally, and in the Arab Peninsula specifically

1032
Hasan Al-Banna. Young Muslims in pursuit of Allah's Pleasure.
Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://www.youngmuslims.ca/biographies/display.asp?ID=8

1033
American Society of Authors and Writers. It Happened in History. Salman Rushdie. Retrieved April 20, 2013 , from the World Wide Web

http://amsaw.org/amsaw-ithappenedinhistory-061904-rushdie.html

1034
The fatwa against Rushdie says: “In the name of God Almighty. There is only one God, to whom we shall all return. I would like to inform all intrepid Muslims in the world that the author of the book entitled
The Satanic Verses
, which has been compiled, printed, and published in opposition to Islam, the Prophet, and the Qur’an, as well as those publishers who were aware of its contents, have been sentenced to death. I call on all zealous Muslims to execute them quickly, wherever they find them, so that no one will dare insult the Islamic sanctions. Whoever is killed on this path will be regarded as a martyr, God willing. In addition, anyone who has access to the author of the book, but does not possess the power to execute him, should refer him to the people so that he may be punished for his actions. May God’s blessing be on you all. Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini.” Retrieved April 20, 2013 , from the World Wide Web

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_rushdie#The_Satanic_Verses_controversy

1035
Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_rushdie#The_Satanic_Verses_controversy

1036
American Society of Authors and Writers. It Happened in History. Salman Rushdie. Retrieved April 20, 2013 , from the World Wide Web

http://amsaw.org/amsaw-ithappenedinhistory-061904-rushdie.html

1037

1038
Cody's Books: An Historical Berkeley Landmark and Independent Bookstore Begins Archive at the Bancroft Library. Cody's Books

Bene Legere--Newsletter of the Library Associates, number 53, Summer 1999. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/LDO/bene53/codys.html

1039
Madalyn O'Hair. RED HERRING RUSHDIE

1040
Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_rushdie#The_Satanic_Verses_controversy

1041
See
Taslima Nasreen/Nasrin's website.
Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://www.taslimanasrin.com/

1042
Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taslima_Nasrin

1043
A. Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955 , eighteenth printing, 2004: p. 676.

1044
Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_bombing#Before_the_attacks

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_bombing

Kentix Computing. Dead or Alive. Omar Abdul Rahman. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://www.deadoraliveinfo.com/dead.nsf/rnames-nf/Rahman+Omar+Abdul

1045
Petri Liukkonen. Books and Writers. Naguib Mahfouz. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/mahfouz.htm

1046
Mahfouz died August 30, 2006.
Obituary: Naguib Mahfouz

December 11, 1911 - August 30, 2006. New York Times, August 31, 2006.
Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-2335326,00.html