The New Nobility of the KGB (30 page)
Read The New Nobility of the KGB Online
Authors: Andrei Soldatov
Tags: #History, #Europe, #Russia & the Former Soviet Union, #Political Science, #General, #International Relations, #Security (National & International), #Intelligence & Espionage, #World, #Russian & Former Soviet Union, #Social Science, #Social Classes
APPENDIX 1
STRUCTURE OF THE FSB
Director, Chairman of the National Antiterrorist Committee
• First Deputy Director
• First Deputy Director, Chief of the Border Guards
• Deputy Director, Chief of Staff of the National Antiterrorist Committee
• Deputy Director, State Secretary of the FSB
• Deputy Director
• Deputy Director
1. Counterintelligence Service
• Department of Counterintelligence Operations
• Directorate of Coordination and Analysis of Counterintelligence Activity
• Directorate of Special Activities
• Directorate of Counterintelligence at Facilities
• Directorate of Information Support to Operational Detective Activity
• Information Security Center
• Department of Military Counterintelligence
This service is in charge of counterespionage, including supervision of the military-industrial complex, the Russian army and navy, and the pursuit of hackers who attack government resources on the Internet.
2. Service to Protect the Constitutional System and Combat Terrorism
• Directorate of the Operations Organization
• Operations Search Directorate
• Directorate to Combat Terrorism and Political Extremism
• Directorate to Combat International Terrorism
• Special Purpose Center
This service combats terrorism at home and abroad (including cooperation with the secret services of other countries) and conducts political surveillance and special operations.
3. Border Service
This service includes headquarters in Moscow, an intelligence department, regional directorates, and border troops along Russian frontiers.
4. Economic Security Service
• Directorate of Counterintelligence Support to Industrial Enterprises (Directorate P)
• Directorate of Counterintelligence Support to Transportation (Directorate T)
• Directorate of Counterintelligence Support to the Financial System (Directorate K)
• Directorate of Counterintelligence Support to the Interior Ministry, Ministry of Emergency, and Ministry of Justice (Directorate M)
• Organizational Analysis Directorate
• Directorate to Combat Contraband and Illegal Drug Trafficking (Directorate N)
• Administrative Service
This service supervises crucial industries and companies as well as the Interior Ministry and the ministries of emergency and justice.
5. Operative Information and International Relations Service
• Department of Operative Information (DOI)
• Analysis Directorate
• Strategic Planning Directorate
• Department of Unclassified Information
• Directorate of International Cooperation
Formerly the Department of Analysis and Prognosis, this service is responsible for providing assessments to the FSB leadership and the Kremlin and oversees intelligence operations and international activity.
6. Service of Organizational Personnel Activities (Human Resources)
• Directorate of Special Registrations
• Organizational Planning Directorate
• Personnel Directorate
7. Supply Service
• Finance and Economics Directorate
• Directorate of Material and Technical Support
• Directorate of Capital Construction
This service is responsible for maintaining FSB headquarters and for constructing military facilities for the FSB.
8. Scientific and Technical Service
• Directorate of Orders and Deliveries of Weapons and Military and Special Equipment
• Directorate of Operational Technical Measures (
eavesdropping and interception
)
• Research Institute of Information Technologies
This service offers technical support for operations.
9. Oversight Service
• Inspection Directorate
• Auditing Directorate
• Directorate of Internal Security
This service reviews personnel and investigates crimes committed by the FSB rank and file.
SUBDIVISIONS DIRECTLY SUBORDINATE TO DIRECTOR• Investigative Directorate (
main investigative body of the FSB, supervises investigative sections in FSB regional departments
)
• Operation Search Directorate (
surveillance units
)
• Sixteenth Center for Radio-electronic Intelligence on Communications (
electronic intelligence
)
• Center for Special Equipment (
includes bomb squad units
)
• Communications Security Center (
software protection of government communications
)• Center for Licensing, Certification, and Protection of State Secrets• Administration Directorate• Treaty and Legal Directorate• FSB Reception Office• Directorate of Assistance Programs (
disinformation operations; includes the Center for Public Communications
)• Registry and Archives Directorate• Directorate of Special Communications• Directorate of Aviation• Military Medical Directorate• Watch Officer Service• Military Mobilization
According to the Regulation Concerning the Federal Security Service (Presidential Decree no. 960, August 11, 2003), the system is structured as follows:
• Directorates in regions (territorial security organizations)
• Directorates in the armed forces, in the field, and in other military formations
• Directorates in the Border Guards
• Aviation subunits, special training centers, special subunits, and all enterprises, educational institutions, scientific research, expert, forensic, military medical, and military construction subunits (among other institutions and subunits) designed to support the activity of the FSB
• Other directorates that exercise separate authority of the FSB
By 2010 the structure of the central apparatus of the FSB defined by Presidential Decree no. 960 was improved as a result of reforms in 2005-2006 when two Presidential Decrees were signed: no. 1383 (December 1, 2005) and no. 1476 (December 26, 2006). The details are derived from open sources and information gathered by Agentura.ru.
APPENDIX 2
THE EVOLUTION OF THE FSB
December 3, 1991.
Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet president, disbands the Committee of State Security (KGB) of the Soviet Union.
Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet president, disbands the Committee of State Security (KGB) of the Soviet Union.
January 24, 1992.
Boris Yeltsin, the Russian president, creates the Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation.
Boris Yeltsin, the Russian president, creates the Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation.
December 21, 1993.
The Ministry of Security is renamed the Federal Counterintelligence Service (FSK). In his decree, Boris Yeltsin notes, “The system of the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD-MGB-NGKB-KGB-MB turned out to be incapable of being reformed. Reorganization efforts in recent years were external and cosmetic in nature. . . . The system of political investigation is preserved and may easily be restored.”
1
The Ministry of Security is renamed the Federal Counterintelligence Service (FSK). In his decree, Boris Yeltsin notes, “The system of the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD-MGB-NGKB-KGB-MB turned out to be incapable of being reformed. Reorganization efforts in recent years were external and cosmetic in nature. . . . The system of political investigation is preserved and may easily be restored.”
1
January 5, 1994.
The investigative directorate of the FSK is transferred to the Public Prosecutor’s Office. FSB prisons, including the Lefortovo, are handed over to the Interior Ministry. The border troops are made an independent agency.
The investigative directorate of the FSK is transferred to the Public Prosecutor’s Office. FSB prisons, including the Lefortovo, are handed over to the Interior Ministry. The border troops are made an independent agency.
November 22, 1994.
Yeltsin restores the investigative directorate of the FSK. Lefortovo prison is returned to the secret service.
Yeltsin restores the investigative directorate of the FSK. Lefortovo prison is returned to the secret service.
November 26, 1994.
The FSK-orchestrated attack on the Chechen capital, Grozny, is disastrous.
The FSK-orchestrated attack on the Chechen capital, Grozny, is disastrous.
April 3, 1995.
The FSK is renamed the FSB, or Federal Security Service.
The FSK is renamed the FSB, or Federal Security Service.
June 14, 1995.
A hospital in the southern Russian town of Budennovsk is captured by Chechen rebels led by Shamil Basayev. On June 19, after a failed storming, the Russian authorities are forced to allow Basayev (with some hostages) to return to Chechnya. In the end, 129 people are killed.
A hospital in the southern Russian town of Budennovsk is captured by Chechen rebels led by Shamil Basayev. On June 19, after a failed storming, the Russian authorities are forced to allow Basayev (with some hostages) to return to Chechnya. In the end, 129 people are killed.
January 9-18, 1996.
Salman Raduev attacks Kyzlyar in Dagestan, a republic contiguous to Chechnya. Chechen rebels are surrounded and stormed by the Russian army, special operations forces, and FSB special troops but manage to flee to Chechnya.
Salman Raduev attacks Kyzlyar in Dagestan, a republic contiguous to Chechnya. Chechen rebels are surrounded and stormed by the Russian army, special operations forces, and FSB special troops but manage to flee to Chechnya.
August 31, 1996.
A ceasefire agreement is signed in Khasavyurt. The Khasavyurt accords mark the end of the first Chechen war and stipulate the withdrawal of Russian troops from Chechnya by December 31, 1996.
A ceasefire agreement is signed in Khasavyurt. The Khasavyurt accords mark the end of the first Chechen war and stipulate the withdrawal of Russian troops from Chechnya by December 31, 1996.
September 1997.
The special unit to combat organized crime, the URPO (Directorate of Analysis and Suppression of the Activity of Criminal Organizations), is created.
The special unit to combat organized crime, the URPO (Directorate of Analysis and Suppression of the Activity of Criminal Organizations), is created.
July 6, 1998.
The Directorate to Protect the Constitutional System is created. URPO is disbanded. The Directorate of Economic Counterintelligence is turned into the Department of Economic Security.
The Directorate to Protect the Constitutional System is created. URPO is disbanded. The Directorate of Economic Counterintelligence is turned into the Department of Economic Security.
July 25, 1998.
Vladimir Putin is named director of the FSB.
Vladimir Putin is named director of the FSB.
October 8, 1998.
The Special Purpose Center of the FSB is formed. The center included two FSB special operations units: Alpha and Vympel. In July 1999 two special units that had belonged to the Moscow department of the FSB and to the Directorate of Economic Counterintelligence are also transferred to the center.
The Special Purpose Center of the FSB is formed. The center included two FSB special operations units: Alpha and Vympel. In July 1999 two special units that had belonged to the Moscow department of the FSB and to the Directorate of Economic Counterintelligence are also transferred to the center.
April 3, 1999.
The Department of Economic Security is reorganized, creating the directorates of Counterintelligence Support to Industrial Enterprises (Directorate P), Transportation (Directorate T), the Financial System (Directorate K), and to Combat Contraband and Illegal Drug Trafficking (Directorate N).
The Department of Economic Security is reorganized, creating the directorates of Counterintelligence Support to Industrial Enterprises (Directorate P), Transportation (Directorate T), the Financial System (Directorate K), and to Combat Contraband and Illegal Drug Trafficking (Directorate N).
August 16, 1999.
Nikolai Patrushev replaces Putin as FSB director.
Nikolai Patrushev replaces Putin as FSB director.
August 28, 1999.
The Department to Protect the Constitutional System and Combat Terrorism is established on the base of the Counterterrorism Department and the Directorate to Protect the Constitutional System. This marks the first time in Russian history that counterterrorism and political surveillance are merged in one department of state security.
The Department to Protect the Constitutional System and Combat Terrorism is established on the base of the Counterterrorism Department and the Directorate to Protect the Constitutional System. This marks the first time in Russian history that counterterrorism and political surveillance are merged in one department of state security.
September 9, 1999.
In an apartment building explosion in southeast Moscow, 94 people are killed. Four days later, on September 13, a large bomb explodes in a basement of an apartment block on Kashirskoye Highway in southern Moscow, killing 118 people.
In an apartment building explosion in southeast Moscow, 94 people are killed. Four days later, on September 13, a large bomb explodes in a basement of an apartment block on Kashirskoye Highway in southern Moscow, killing 118 people.
November 16, 1999.
The Assistance Programs Directorate is created. The new directorate includes the Center of Public Communications (press office).
The Assistance Programs Directorate is created. The new directorate includes the Center of Public Communications (press office).
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