The New Tsar (86 page)

2 
. Orttung, p. 200.

3 
. Gevorkyan et al., p. 96.

4 
. Shadkhan in “Vecherny Razgovor [Evening Conversation],” broadcast on Oct. 7, 2002. The film included clips of Putin’s interview in 1991.

5 
.
Mishpokha
, issue no. 21.

6 
. A translation of Yulian Semyonov’s
Seventeen Moments of Spring
was published by Fredonia Books, Amsterdam, 2001.

7 
. Shadkhan, interviewed in
Moscow News
, Feb. 9, 2000.

8 
. “Vercheny Razgovor,” Oct. 7, 2002.

9 
.
Chas Pik
[
Rush Hour
], Nov. 25, 1991.

10 
. “Vercheny Razgovor,” Oct. 7, 2002.

11 
. Interfax, Oct. 4, 1991, also Orttung, p. 145.

12 
. Gevorkyan et al., p. 81. Kissinger meant his service as a private in military intelligence during World War II, which was quite different, but Putin told the anecdote often.

13 
. “The Rebirth of St. Petersburg,”
Time
, Oct. 14, 1991.

14 
. Michael McFaul,
Russia’s Unfinished Revolution
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001), pp. 182–83.

15 
. Orttung, p. 202.

16 
.
Yegor Gaidar,
The Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Modern Russia
(Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2007), p. 239.

17 
. Yuri Felshtinsky and Vladimir Pribylovsky,
The Corporation: Russia and the KGB in the Age of President Putin
(New York: Encounter Books, 2008), p. 83. The authors reprint Sobchak’s decree, dated Dec. 24, 1991.

18 
. Gevorkyan et al., p. 101.

19 
. Karen Dawisha, in
Putin’s Kleptocracy
, pp. 126–32, details many of the relationships between organized crime and the casinos, though the extent of Putin’s complicity remains unclear.

20 
. Gevorkyan et al., p. 102.

21 
. Felshtinsky and Pribylovsky, p. 72.

22 
. “Vercherny Razgovor,” Oct. 7, 2002.

23 
. Smena, April 1, 1992.

24 
. Dmitri Vasilievich Kandoba, “Sankt-Peterburg v 1990–1996,”
www.gramota.net/materials/3/2011/6-3/21.html
.

25 
.
New York Times
, April 27, 1992.

26 
. Felshtinsky and Pribylovsky, p. 78. Yakunin, in an interview in January 2014, said he first met Putin when he had set up business in the International Business Center Sobchak had created.

27 
. Gevorkyan et al., p. 99.

28 
. The report by Salye and Gladkov has been reproduced on an anti-Putin website,
http://anticompromat.org/putin/salye92.html
.

29 
.
Sankt Peterburgskiye Vedomosti
, May 14, 1992, reprinted by the Foreign Broadcast Information Service.

30 
. Kristie Macrakis,
Seduced by Secrets: Inside the Stasi’s Spy-Tech World
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 49.

31 
. The photograph was included in files provided upon request by the German agency that oversees the Stasi archives, the Bundesbeauftragten, or BStU. The photograph (see insert) was included in file MfS BV Dresden, AKG No. 10852). Karen Dawisha also includes the photograph on p. 54 of
Putin’s Kleptocracy
.

32 
.
New York Times
, April 5, 1992.

33 
. Author interview with Kaj Hober in February 2013.

34 
. Gevorkyan et al., p. 100.

35 
. Blotsky,
Vladimir Putin: Doroga k Vlasti
, p. 357.

36 
. Gevorkyan et al., p. 97.

37 
. Joyce Lasky Reed, Blair A. Ruble, and William Craft Brumfield, eds.,
St. Petersburg, 1993–2003: The Dynamic Decade
(Washington, DC: St. Petersburg Conservancy, 2010), p. 8.

38 
. Hill and Gaddy, p. 165.

39 
.
Financial Times
, May 14, 2008.

40 
. Much has been written on Putin’s connection to SPAG. Despite official
denials, Putin remained on the company’s board until his inauguration as president. See
http://www.newsweek.com/stain-mr-clean-152259
, as well as Dawisha,
Putin’s Kleptocracy
, pp. 132–41.

41 
. Thane Gustafson,
Wheel of Fortune: The Battle for Oil and Power in Russia
(Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2012), p. 127. See also Dawisha; and Richard Sakwa,
The Crisis of Russian Democracy: The Dual State, Factionalism and the Medvedev Succession
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011), p. 174.

42 
. Timothy J. Colton,
Yeltsin: A Life
(New York: Basic Books, 2008), p. 277.

43 
.
Obshchaya Gazeta
, “ ‘A Plague on Both Your Houses’ Overtook Petersburg Last Week,” Oct. 1, 1993.

44 
. Colton, p. 278. The written orders from the commander in chief proved crucial in establishing legal authority for the military to act. Mikhail Gorbachev did not issue written orders when he authorized force in Georgia, Lithuania, and Azerbaijan previously. See Robert V. Barylski,
The Soldier in Russian Politics: Duty, Dictatorship and Democracy Under Gorbachev and Yeltsin
(New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1998).

45 
. “A Tried and True Official,”
Vremya
, Aug. 10, 1999.

46 
. Gevorkyan et al., p. 96.

47 
. Sobchak’s last interview, with Arkady Sonov, appears in “He Knew How to Make Himself Irreplaceable,”
Russian Social Science Review
41, no. 2 (March-April 2001): 91.

48 
. Roy Medvedev,
Vladimir Putin: Chetyre Goda v Kremle
[Four Years in the Kremlin] (Moscow: Vremya, 2004), p. 32.

CHAPTER 6: MISMANAGED DEMOCRACY

1 
.
Kommersant
, July 8, 1995.

2 
. Sobchak’s interview in
Russian Social Science Review
, p. 90.

3 
. Blotsky, in
Vladimir Putin: Doroga k Vlasti
, described the date of the accident, which Putin later misstated as occurring in 1994.

4 
. Lyudmila recounts the accident and its aftermath in Gevorkyan et al., pp. 104–10, and also in Blotsky’s
Vladimir Putin: Doroga k Vlasti
.

5 
. Gevorkyan et al., p. 108.

6 
.
The Wall Street Journal
disclosed the Stasi background of Warnig and his dealings with Putin in St. Petersburg, including Lyudmila’s medical treatment after the car accident, Feb. 23, 2005; see also
Moscow Times
, Feb. 25, 2005.

7 
. Orttung, p. 210–12.

8 
.
Los Angeles Times
, Aug. 17, 1994.

9 
.
New York Times
, July 25, 1994.

10 
. Anatoly Sobchak,
Duzhina Nozhei v Spinu
[A Dozen Knives in the Back] (Moscow: Vagrius, 1999), p. 88.

11 
.
Gevorkyan et al., p. 111.

12 
. Sobchak, p. 88.

13 
. Ibid., p. 76. Also in
Los Angeles Times
, May 16, 1996, Sobchak blames organized crime figures linked to his opponents.

14 
. Gevorkyan et al., p. 11.

15 
. Amy Knight,
Spies Without Cloaks: The KGB’s Successors
(Princeton: NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 54.

16 
. Sobchak,
Duzhina Nozhei v Spinu
, p. 78; also
Nezavisimaya Gazeta
, Feb. 7, 1996.

17 
. Boris Vishnevski, a journalist and politician with the Yabloko party, recounts the details of Putin’s arm-twisting at
http://www.yabloko.ru/Publ/2006/2006_03/060321_kasp_vishn.html
. Also see Timothy J. Colton and Michael McFaul,
Popular Choice and Managed Democracy: The Russian Elections of 1999 and 2000
(Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2003), p. 172.

18 
. Sobchak,
Duzhina Nozhei v Spinu
, p. 79.

19 
. Robert W. Orttung, ed., with Danielle N. Lussier and Anna Paretskaya,
The Republics and Regions of the Russian Federation: A Guide to Politics, Policies, and Leaders
(Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2000), p. 467.

20 
. Gevorkyan et al., p. 112.

21 
. Zenkovich, p. 556.

22 
. Strobe Talbott,
The Russia Hand: A Memoir of Presidential Diplomacy
(New York: Random House, 2002), pp. 200–201.

23 
. Rosemary Mellor, “Through a Glass Darkly: Investigating the St. Petersburg Administration,”
International Journal of Urban and Regional Research
1, no. 3 (Sept. 1997): 482.

24 
. Colton and McFaul, p. 172.

25 
. Ibid.

26 
. Hill and Gaddy, pp. 178–79, also Felshtinsky and Pribylovsky, pp. 60–61.

27 
. Sobchak,
Duzhina Nozhei v Spinu
, p. 19.

28 
.
Gazeta.ru
, Sept. 8, 1999:
http://gazeta.lenta.ru/daynews/09–08–1999/30bio.htm
. Also
Moskovskiye Novosti
, May 26–June 2, 1996.

29 
. Hill and Gaddy, quoting Alexander Rahr, p. 178; and Gevorkyan et al., p. 113.

30 
. Sobchak,
Duzhina Nozhei v Spinu
, p. 92.

31 
.
Moscow News
, June 6, 1996.

32 
. Sobchak,
Duzhina Nozhei v Spinu
, p. 92.

33 
. Ibid., p. 88.

34 
.
New York Times
, June 4, 1996.

35 
. Sobchak,
Duzhina Nozhei v Spinu
, pp. 92–93.

36 
. Gevorkyan et al., p. 113.

37 
. Felshtinsky and Pribylovsky, p. 61.

38 
.
Dawisha, p. 95.

39 
. Blotsky,
Vladimir Putin: Doroga k Vlasti
, p. 377.

40 
. Ibid., p. 365.

41 
. Gevorkyan et al., p. 122; Felshtinsky and Pribylovsky note the date of the fire on p. 106.

42 
. Ibid., p. 121.

43 
. Blotsky,
Vladimir Putin: Doroga k Vlasti
, p. 380.

44 
. Putin told the story to Larry King on CNN on Sept. 8, 2000 (
transcripts.cnn.com/transcripts/0009/08/lkl.00.html
) and to President George W. Bush in 2001. Bush writes, “He dramatically re-created the moment when a worker unfolded his hand and revealed the cross. It was, he said, ‘as if it was meant to be.’ ” George W. Bush,
Decision Points
(New York: Crown, 2010), p. 196.

CHAPTER 7: AN UNEXPECTED PATH TO POWER

1 
. Boris Yeltsin,
Midnight Diaries
(New York: PublicAffairs, 2000), pp. 16–17.

2 
. Ibid., p. 21.

3 
. David M. Katz and Fred Weir,
Russia’s Path from Gorbachev to Putin: The Demise of the Soviet System and the New Russia
(New York: Routledge, 2007), pp. 260–61; and Paul Klebnikov,
Godfather of the Kremlin: The Decline of Russia in the Age of Gangster Capitalism
(Orlando, FL: Harcourt, 2000), chapter 8.