The New Tsar (90 page)

19 
. Rossiya TV, March 28, 2001, as transcribed and translated by BBC.

20 
.
New York Times
, Feb. 20, 2008. The Swiss arrested Adamov on an American arrest warrant in 2005, but the Russians resisted his extradition to the United States, fearing he would divulge nuclear secrets. Instead Russian prosecutors charged him with abuse of office and convicted him in a Russian court in
Feburary 2008. He was released on a suspended sentence two months later, however, and began a quiet retirement out of the public spotlight.

21 
.
Izvestiya
, March 29, 2001.

22 
. Associated Press, Sept. 14, 2001.

23 
. Schröder pressed Putin to intervene in one of the most notorious trials that came out of the war—one of the very few. On the night of Putin’s election, Colonel Yuri Budanov, a decorated commander, kidnapped a Chechen woman, Elza Kungayeva, who had just turned eighteen. He took her to his quarters, ostensibly to question her, beat, raped, and then strangled her to death.

24 
. Peggy Noonan described the scene in a
Wall Street Journal
column, June 25, 2001.

25 
. Bush, p. 431.

26 
. Ibid., p. 200; Rice, p. 97.

27 
. Hughes, pp. 284–85.

28 
. Peter Pomerantsev, “Putin’s Rasputin,”
London Review of Books
, Oct. 20, 2011.
Lenta.ru
also has a detailed biography of his life and career.
http://lenta.ru/lib/14159273/full.htm
.

29 
.
Moscow Times
, April 4, 2002.

30 
. Human Rights Watch, “Swept Under: Torture, Forced Disappearances, and Extrajudicial Killings During Sweep Operations in Chechnya,” February 2, 2002.

31 
. Pavel K. Baev, “Putin’s War in Chechnya: Who Steers the Course?” Program on New Approaches to Russian Security, November 2004,
http://www.ponarseurasia.org/sites/default/files/policy-memos-pdf/pm_0345.pdf
.

32 
. Pavlov interviewed in
Nezavisimaya Gazeta
, Sept. 9, 2002.

33 
.
New York Times
, Aug. 23, 2002.

34 
.
Moscow Times
, Sept. 26, 2002.

35 
. See “Terror in Moscow,” a British documentary film that appeared in 2003 on Channel 4 in Britain and HBO in the United States. Movsar’s real name was Salamov, but he adopted the last name Barayev after his uncle’s death.

36 
. RIA Novosti, Oct. 12, 2002. He had been erroneously reported killed in August 2001 as well.

37 
. Interview with a senior Russian official who was in the Kremlin with Putin during those three days, speaking on condition of anonymity.

38 
. Soldatov and Borogan, pp. 135–36.

39 
. “Terror in Moscow,” the 2003 British documentary (see n. 33). Also, vivid accounts appear in Peter Baker and Susan Glasser’s
Kremlin Rising;
Peter Truscott’s
Putin’s Progress: A Biography of Russia’s Enigmatic President, Vladimir Putin
(London: Simon & Schuster, 2004); and Anna Politkovskaya’s
A Russian Diary: A Journalist’s Final Account of Life, Corruption and Death in Putin’s Russia
(New York: Random House, 2007).

40 
.
NTV’s interview with the hostage takers on October 25, the second day of the siege, as transcribed by the BBC. NTV was forbidden by the Ministry of Communications to broadcast the audio of the interview during the siege and so showed only the images. The failure to include the sound irritated the terrorists.

41 
. Author interview with Mikhail Kasyanov; Angus Roxburgh,
The Strongman: Vladimir Putin and the Struggle for Russia
(London: I. B. Tauris, 2012), p. 70.

42 
. Yavlinsky interviewed on Radio Liberty, Oct. 28, 2002.

43 
. Anna Politkovskaya,
Is Journalism Worth Dying For?
(New York: Melville House, 2011), p. 229.

44 
.
New York Times
, Nov. 1, 2002.

45 
. Soldatov and Borogan, p. 142.

46 
.
New York Times
, Oct. 27, 2002.

47 
. Reports of the number of casualties were confused in the early days after the siege, but the final, reliable tally of the victims is kept by an organization, Nord-Ost, that represents the victims:
www.nord-ost.org
.

48 
. The European Court of Human Rights ruled in December 2011 that Russia had violated the rights of 64 victims by not providing adequate medical aid and ordered nearly $2 million in compensation. The court did not rule on whether the rescue itself violated any international standards.

49 
.
New York Times
, Nov. 13, 2002.

CHAPTER 13: THE GODS SLEPT ON THEIR HEADS

1 
.
Izvestiya
, Feb. 25, 2000.

2 
. Gustafson, p. 283.

3 
. Mikhail Khodorkovsky and Nataliya Gevorkyan,
Turma i Volya
[Prison and Will] (Moscow: Howard Roark, 2012), pp. 228–29.

4 
. Richard Sakwa,
Quality of Freedom: Khodorkovsky, Putin and the Yukos Affair
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 143.

5 
. Khodorkovsky and Gevorkyan, p. 356.

6 
. Author interview with Andrei Illarionov, April 2013. The confrontation was televised and widely reported in the press. Gustafson, Sawka, and Baker and Glasser also recount the meeting. Khodorkovsky’s coauthor, Nataliya Gevorkyan, describes it in
Turma i Volya
[Prison and Will], p. 52.

7 
. Illarionov interview.

8 
. Baker and Glasser, p. 282.

9 
. Viktor Gerashchenko interviewed in
Novaya Gazeta
, July 10, 2008, translated at Khodorkovsky’s website,
www.khodorkovsky.com
.

10 
. Gustafson, p. 247.

11 
. Sakwa,
Quality of Freedom
, p. 97.

12 
.
New York Times
, May 31, 2001.

13 
.
Gustafson, p. 320.

14 
. Ibid., p. 233.

15 
. Ibid., p. 234.

16 
. The United Nations formed an independent committee to investigate corruption in the “oil for food” program, see
http://www.cfr.org/corruption-and-bribery/independent-inquiry-committee-report-manipulation-un-oil—food-programme/p9116
. Its final report was made public in October 2005 and named Zhirinovsky and Voloshin as recipients of vouchers Saddam Hussein issued to allow companies and individuals to resell Iraqi oil at a large profit.

17 
. Charles Duelfer,
Hide and Seek: The Search for Truth in Iraq
(New York: PublicAffairs, 2009), p. 448.

18 
. Bush, p. 233.

19 
. Baker and Glasser, pp. 216.

20 
. Bush recalls the conversation in Bob Woodward’s
Plan of Attack
, pp. 404–5.

21 
.
New York Times
, March 25, 2003.

22 
.
New York Times
, Jan. 16, 2003.

23 
.
New York Times
, April 23, 2003.

24 
. Kasyanov interview, March 2013.

25 
.
New York Times
, May 2, 2003.

26 
. Sakwa,
Quality of Freedom
, p. 91.

27 
. Ibid., p. 91.

28 
. Gustafson, p. 296.

29 
. Sakwa,
Quality of Freedom
, p. 144.

30 
. Ibid., p. 144.

31 
. Author interview with a fomer senior Kremlin official, April 2013. The same official told a similar version to correspondents in Moscow in the summer of 2003 as the case unfolded, calling it “a clearly organized assault,” though by persons unknown.

32 
. The author joined other correspondents based in Moscow for the interview at Novo-Ogaryovo on Sept. 19, 2003.

33 
. Sakwa,
Quality of Freedom
, p. 89.

34 
. Gustafson, p. 304.

35 
. Khodorkovsky and Gevorkyan, p. 56.

36 
. Gustafson, pp. 299–300.

37 
. Khodorkovsky, interviewed by
New York Times
, October 2003.

38 
. John Browne with Philippa Anderson,
Beyond Business
(London: Phoenix, 2011), cited in David Remnick, “Gulag Lite,”
The New Yorker
, Dec. 20, 2010.

39 
. A transcript of the interview, published Oct. 5, 2003, is available at
www.nytimes.com/2003/10/05/international/06PTEXT-CND.html
.

40 
. Interview with former senior Kremlin official, April 2013.

41 
.
Anton Drel, quoted in
New York Times
, Nov. 1, 2003.

42 
.
New York Times
, Oct. 28, 2003.

43 
. Interview with former senior Kremlin official, April 2013.

44 
. Mikhail Kasyanov with Yevgeny Kiselyov,
Bez Putina
(Moscow: Novaya Gazeta, 2009), p. 222.

45 
.
New York Times
, Nov. 1, 2003.

46 
. Interview with senior Kremlin official, April 2013.

47 
. See the Permanent Arbitration Court’s ruling on July 18, 2014,
Yukos Universal Limited v. The Russian Federation
, p. 64.

48 
.
New York Times
Dec. 7, 2003.

49 
. RIA Novosti, April 9, 2005.

50 
.
Express Gazeta
, Aug. 16, 2006,
www.eg.ru/daily/animal/8134
.

51 
. “The dog does not bother you, does it?” Putin asked Chancellor Angela Merkel when she visited Sochi in 2007, though he was surely aware of her fear of dogs. Koni then sat at Merkel’s feet, to her evident discomfort. Merkel later told American officials of the encounter, including Putin’s off-camera remark that she interpreted as a reference to the intelligence profile of her: “I know everything about you.”

52 
. Bush, p. 433. Bush later retold the story to Prime Minister Stephen Harper of Canada, who replied, “You’re lucky he only showed you his dog.”

53 
.
New York Times
, Dec. 8, 2003.

54 
.
New York Times
, Dec. 8, 2003.

CHAPTER 14: ANNUS HORRIBILIS

1 
. See
www.newsru.com
, April 19, 2005.

2 
. The author visited the women’s apartment and retraced parts of their story in Sept. 2004.
New York Times
, Sept. 10, 2004.

3 
. Paul J. Murphy, in
Allah’s Angels: Chechen Women in War
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2010), describes the fate of the four women and cites reports that Rosa Nagayeva had not been the bomber at the metro station, but rather was with Maryam Taburova at Beslan.

4 
.
Washington Post
, Oct. 27, 2003.

5 
. Gustafson, p. 264.

6 
.
Vedomosti
, Jan. 12, 2004.