The Norman Conquest (67 page)

21
  
Liber Eliensis
, ed. E. O. Blake (Camden Soc, 3rd ser., 92, 1962), 216–17;
Liber Eliensis: A History of the Isle of Ely
, trans. J. Fairweather (Woodbridge, 2005), 258–9;
Historia Ecclesie Abbendonensis
, ed. Hudson, ii, 4–7.

22
  
ASC
E, 1070.

23
   E. M. C. van Houts, ‘Hereward and Flanders’,
Anglo-Saxon England,
28 (2000), 201–23;
DNB
Hereward.

24
  
ASC
E, 1070.

25
   Ibid.; WM,
Gesta Pontificum
, 628–9.

26
   OV, ii, 232–5.

27
   Ibid.;
ASC
E, 1070; JW, iii, 14–15.

28
  
RRAN
, 79; below, 254; OV, ii, 256–7.

29
   Ibid. The
Gesta Herewardi
is quoted from the English translation by M. Swanton in
Robin Hood and Other Outlaw Tales
, ed. S. Knight and T. Ohlgren (2nd edn, Kalamazoo, 2000), 647, 651.

30
   Above, 219–20, 238; SD,
History
, 137–8, 142;
ASC
E, 1071.

31
   Baxter,
Earls of Mercia
, 277–8, 284–7; above, 218; OV, ii, 218–19; JW, iii, 18–19.

32
   Baxter,
Earls of Mercia
, 286–96; above, 71, 175.

33
  
ASC
D, 1071; JW, iii, 20–1; Baxter,
Earls of Mercia
, 261–6.

34
  
RRAN
, 79;
ASC
D and E, 1071; JW, iii, 20–1.

35
  
Gesta Herewardi
, 649–58;
Liber Eliensis
, ed. Blake, 191–4 (trans. Fairweather, 226–9). The
Liber
says William entered Ely on 27 October.

36
  
ASC
D and E, 1071; JW, iii, 20–1.

37
   OV, ii, 256–9; Williams,
English and the Norman Conquest
, 53.

CHAPTER 15

1
  For the castle at Ely, see
Liber Eliensis
, ed. Blake, 194 (trans. Fairweather, 229).

2
  SD,
History
, 138–40.

3
 
ASC
E, 934, 1072, 1093; JW, iii, 20–1.

4
  Williams,
English and the Norman Conquest
, 57–8; SD,
History
, 142, 144.

5
  Above, 103, 127; Baxter, ‘Edward the Confessor’, Map 10.

6
  Fletcher,
Bloodfeud
, 186; Baxter,
Earls of Mercia
, 68, 272.

7
  OV, ii, 232–3, 262–3; Williams,
English and the Norman Conquest,
58.

8
  Douglas,
Conqueror
, 212, 224–5.

9
  Ibid., 223–4, 228–9.

10
   Bates,
Conqueror
, 85–9, has a positive assessment of William’s position at this time.

11
   Above, 202;
ASC
E, 1087; D. Bates, ‘The Origins of the Justiciarship’,
ANS
, 4 (1982), 2–8.

12
   Above, 112;
Letters of Lanfranc
, 30–1;
RRAN
, 79.

13
  
DNB
Lanfranc;
Letters of Lanfranc
, 30–1, 112–13.

14
  
EHD
, ii, 604–5. Barlow,
English Church, 1066–1154
, 48–50, 147–52.

15
  
Councils and Synods
, ii, 614;
Letters of Lanfranc
, 78–9, 134–5; OV, ii, 200–1;
DNB
Lanfranc.

16
  
ASC
D and E, 1067; Fernie,
Architecture
, 104–6.

17
   Ibid., 106–21, 130-1; M.T. Clanchy,
England and Its Rulers, 1066–1272
(2nd edn, Oxford, 1998), 61; WM,
Gesta Pontificum
, 102–3.

18
   Fernie,
Architecture
, 108, 130, 144, 152–3, 166; above, 98. Crediton had also been moved for security reasons. Prestwich,
Place of War
, 4.

19
   Rubenstein, ‘Liturgy Against History’, 282–5, 289–92. Rubenstein successfully overturns the revisionist arguments of S. J. Ridyard, ‘
Condigna veneratio:
Post-Conquest Attitudes to the Saints of the Anglo-Saxons’,
ANS
, 9 (1987), 179–206.

20
   Rubenstein, ‘Liturgy Against History’, 282, 292–5.

21
   Ibid., 295–7;
Historia Ecclesie Abbendonensis
, ed. Hudson, ii, xli–xlii; WM,
Gesta Pontificum
, i, 628–31. See also P.A. Hayward, ‘Translation Narratives in Post-Conquest Hagiography and English Resistance to the Norman Conquest’,
ANS
, 21 (1999), 67–94.

22
  
Letters of Lanfranc
, 30–1; OV, ii, 256–7.

23
  
RRAN
, 48–50, 107.

24
  
ASC
E, 1083; JW, iii, 38–41.

25
  
Letters of Lanfranc
, 112–15;
EHD
, ii, 634.

26
  
EHD
, ii, 399, 523. It has been suggested that murdrum, or some thing very like it, may have been originally introduced by Cnut to deter Englishmen from killing Danes. Even if this is true, and the law was simply revived by William, it does not diminish its value as evidence for conditions in England after the Norman Conquest (though it might alter the picture of conditions after the Danish one). B. R. O’Brien, ‘From Moroor to Murdrum: The Preconquest Origin and Norman Revival of the Murder Fine’,
Speculum
, 71 (1996), 321–57.

27
  
Letters of Lanfranc
, 110–13, 150–3, 166–7; WP, 158–9; OV, ii, 202–3.

28
   Above, 14, 19, 36; J. Gillingham, ‘1066 and the Introduction of Chivalry into England’, idem,
English in the Twelfth Century
, 215–16.

29
   Ibid., 211–15.

30
   Ibid., 217–18, 228; WP, 157.

31
   Fletcher,
Bloodfeud
, 1–5; Gillingham, ‘1066 and the Introduction of Chivalry’, 218–19.

32
   OV, ii, 256–7; H. M.Thomas, The
English and the Normans: Ethnic Hostility, Assimilation, and Identity, 1066–c.1220
(Oxford, 2003), 145–51.

33
   SD,
History
, 144.

34
  
DNB
Gospatric;
DNB
Edgar Ætheling;
ASC
D, 1074.

35
  
DNB
Ralph the Staller; DNB Ralph de Gaël.

36
  
ASC
D and E, 1075.

37
   Ibid.; JW, iii, 24–5; OV, ii, 310–13; C. P. Lewis, ‘The Early Earls of Norman England’,
ANS
, 13 (1991), 207–23;
Letters of Lanfranc,
118–21.

38
   OV, ii, 312–15;
ASC
D and E, 1075.

39
   JW, iii, 24–5;
Letters of Lanfranc
, 118–23.

40
   JW iii, 24–5;
ASC
D and E, 1075; OV, ii, 316–17.

41
   Ibid.; JW, iii, 26–7;
Letters of Lanfranc
, 124–5.

42
   Ibid., 124–7;
ASC
D and E, 1075.

43
   Ibid.; OV, ii, 318–19.

44
  
ASC
D and E, 1075; JW, ii, 24–5; OV, ii, 320–1.

45
   Ibid., 314–15, 318–23; Gillingham, ‘1066 and the Introduction of Chivalry’, 218.

CHAPTER 16

1
  Douglas,
Conqueror
, 230–4.

2
 
ASC
D and E, 1076; OV, ii, 350–3.

3
  Bates,
Conqueror
, 159–60.

4
  Ibid., 104–7; C. W. Hollister,
Henry I
(Yale, 2001), 31.

5
  OV, ii, 356–7; WM,
Gesta Regum
, 700–1.

6
 
DNB
Robert Curthose; OV, ii, 356–7.

7
  Ibid., 356–9.

8
  Douglas,
Conqueror
, 237–8; OV, iii, 100–3.

9
  Bates, ‘Origins of the Justiciarship’, 4–6.

10
   Bates,
Conqueror
, 159; WP, 164–5; OV, ii, 266–7; Bernstein,
Mystery,
142, 264. Odo was far from being the only fighting churchman: the Penitential Ordinance (above, 236) contains a penance for ‘the clerks who fought, or who were armed for fighting’.
EHD,
ii, 606.

11
   Bates, ‘Origins of the Justiciarship’, 3–4, 8;
ASC
E, 1087; OV, ii, 264–5;
Historia Ecclesie Abbendonensis
, ed. Hudson, ii, 12–13.