The Oxford History of the Biblical World (108 page)

and Goliath, 126, 171

high officials of, 193

house of, 166

kingdom of, 167, 183–85

administrative structure of, 195

and kingship in Israel, 169

and Mesha Stela, 175

military operations of, 193

as musician, 175

and Philistines, 127

priestly administrators of, 193–94

and Saul, 151

Succession Narrative of, 172

Davidic dynasty, 166, 303

Davies, Philip R., 204

Davies, W. D., 315, 350

Day of Atonement, 359

Dead Sea, 5, 6

Dead Sea Scrolls, 21, 338, 359

1QH (Hymn Scroll), 368

1QS (Rule of the Community), 367

4QMMT, 368

archaeology and, 15, 367

Cairo-Damascus Document (CD), 367

discovery of, at Qumran, 15

Essenes and, 345, 365

Genesis Apocryphon, 368

Greek and, 353–54

Hebrew and, 353

Psalms scroll, 368

Temple Scroll, 359, 368

War Scroll, 368
See also
Essenes; Qumran; Qumran community; Qumran literature

Dearman, J. Andrew, 240

Debir (Tell er-Rabud), 98

Deborah, 144–45

as judge, 135

Decalogue.
See
Ten Commandments

Dedan (al-’Ula), 106, 280, 289

Deir el-Balah, 120

Delaiah, 313

Delian League, 305

Delphic Oracle, 283

Demetrius I, 333–35

Demetrius II, 334–36

Demetrius III, 338

Denyen, 86, 152.
See also
Sea Peoples

Deuteronomic Historian (DH), 93–94, 133, 209

themes of, 133–34

Deuteronomic History, 61, 93–94, 170, 178, 196, 198, 209, 210, 213, 215, 281

disapproval of northern kings in, 217

Divided Monarchy and, 206–40

early version of, 247

Jehu and, 228–36

Jerusalem bias of, 217

monarchy and, 169–75, 210

sources of, 93–94, 210–12

Deuteronomy, book of, 60

as book of law, 260

origin of, 216

poetry in, 159–60

reform of Josiah and, 261

speeches of Moses in, 60

theological perspective of, 216

Dever, William G., 130

DH.
See
Deuteronomic Historian

Dhiban.
See
Dibon

diarchy, in restoration community, 294

Diaspora, 272, 276, 306, 308, 310, 311–12, 315, 318, 322, 344, 353, 354, 365, 384, 386
proseuche
in, 360, 375–76

social intolerance in, 375

Temple and, 358

Dibon (modern Dhiban), 95, 96

Dio Cassius, 402, 404, 406, 410, 412, 413, 421, 422

Dio Chrysostom, 367

Diocletian (emperor), 423–24, 439, 452

Divided Monarchy, 206–41, 449–50

biblical sources for, 209

boundaries of, 206–07, 208

chronology of, 214–15

differing ideologies of north and south, 216–17

international relations and, 214

divorce, 302

in Late Antique Judaism, 442

Diyala River, 35, 37

Documentary Hypothesis, 61

Domar, Evsey, 104–05

Dome of the Rock, 443

domestication of plants and animals, 10

at Ain Ghazal, 10–11

Domitian (emperor), 404, 406, 407, 409–12, 452

Dor, 99, 114, 118, 127, 152, 167, 208, 280, 287, 288, 332

Dothan, Moshe, 88, 163

Dothan, Trude, 88, 163

Drusilla (daughter of Agrippa I), 377–78

dualism

in Dead Sea Scrolls, 368

Persian, 301

Dunn, James D. G., 418

Durham, John I, 89

Dur Sharrukin (Khorsabad), 263

E, 28, 218

and northern kingdom, 218

as pentateuchal source, 28, 61

themes of, 218

Eannatum (ruler of Lagash), 31

Earle, Timothy K., 203

Early Bronze Age, 13, 30, 33, 447

decline of, 33–34

in Palestine, 18

urbanism in, 16–18

Eastern Mediterranean, during Roman Empire, 400

Ebenezer, battle of, 127

Ebla, 31, 32, 33, 37, 41

archives of, 31–32

Eblaite language, 32

Ecbatana (modern Hamadan), 280, 283, 286, 299, 325

Ecclesiastes, 349–50

Edict of Milan, 424

Edict of Toleration, 424

Edom, 60, 107, 138, 153–54, 208, 224, 263

in book of Obadiah, 267

and the Exodus, 60, 79

Edomite language, 153

Edomites, 280

Amorites and, 154

in Numbers, 154

religion of, 156, 288

Egeria, 424

Eglon (Tell ‘Aitun), 98

Egypt, 37

archaeology and, 18, 42

Asiatics as slaves in, 73, 74–76, 80

Dynasty 12, 41, 74

Dynasty 13, 74, 80

Dynasty 15, 74, 80

Dynasty 17, 42

Dynasty 18, 42, 43, 66, 71, 79, 80, 84

Dynasty 19, 65, 71, 74, 76, 79, 84, 85

Dynasty 20, 65, 71, 79, 85, 175

Dynasty 21, 175

Dynasty 26, 292

exiled community in, 272

First Intermediate Period, 33, 74, 447

geography of, in relation to Bible, 4–7

in Late Bronze Age, 42–46

in Middle Bronze Age, 41–42

Middle Kingdom of, 41, 80, 448

monotheism and, 111

New Kingdom of, 43, 44, 74, 79–83, 448

Old Kingdom of, 18, 33, 447

plagues in, 59, 64

Second Intermediate Period, 74, 448

sojourn in, Near Eastern parallels to, 74–76

writing and, 18

Ehrich, Robert W., 23

Ehud, 135, 139

Eichler, Barry L., 56

Ekron (Tel Miqne), 97, 114, 120, 121, 124, 127, 138, 152, 153

archaeology of, 254

El, 53–54

as name of God, 53, 213

and Ugaritic pantheon, 50

Eleazar (brother of Judah Maccabee), 333

Eleazar (grandson of Judas the Galilean), 380

Eleazar ben Jair, 384

Eleazar ben Simeon, 382–83

El Elyon, 54

Elephantine, 263, 272, 280, 291, 312, 282, 291, 308, 312

papyri, 374, 385, 386, 409, 414

Elhanan

as slayer of Goliath, 171

Eli, 137

Eliashib I, 296, 310

Eliashib II, 296

Elide dynasty of priests, 127

Elijah, 221–24

stories of, 247

Elioenai, 296

Elisha, 223–24, 231

stories of, 247

Elnathan, 296, 303–304

Elohim, as name of God, 28, 53, 106

Elohist source, 28, 29

See also
E

El Olam, 54

El Shadday, 53–54

Emar tablets, 52–53

Emmanuel (Immanuel), 238

“Empty Quarter,” 5, 9

En-gedi, 16

sanctuary complex at, 16

En Haseva, 269

Enoch (son of Cain), 21

Enoch, First, Aramaic and, 368

Enuma Elish,
8, 20, 25, 51

Eph’al, Israel, 275

Ephraim

archaeology and, 100, 101

hill country of, 6

territory of, 100, 167, 208

Ephrat, E., 23

Epicureans, 365

Epipaleolithic era, 10, 447

Epiphanius, 431

Epistle of Barnabas, 433

Eridu, 17

Esarhaddon, 253, 450

Eshnunna (Tell Asmar), 35, 37

Essenes, 342–46, 367–69, 386

beliefs of, 345

Dead Sea Scrolls and, 367–69

Josephus and, 365

name of, 367

Samaritans and, 346

See also
Dead Sea Scrolls; Qumran; Qumran community; Qumran literature

Esther, book of, 311, 322–23

euaggelion (good news), 394

Eucharist, 431

Euphrates River, 5, 7, 9, 37, 224, 263, 280, 325, 400

Eusebius, 381, 417, 421, 423, 424–25, 432

“Life of Constantine,” 424

Evil-merodach (Amel-marduk), 269

Execration Texts, 42

exile, Babylonian.
See
Babylonian exile

exile in Egypt, 272

Exodus, 58–89

analogues to, 72–76

archaeology and, 77–79

biblical narrative of, 59–64

composition of, 62–63

date of, 63

historicity of, 63–66

literary and historical character of, 61–64

sources of, 70–72

chronology of, 69–70, 77–79, 87

covenant and, 59

Egypt as setting of, 64–65

Egyptian history and, 59

geography of, 64–65, 66–69

historicity of, 59

route of, 66–69

theological meaning of, 59

word, meaning of, 58

Exodus, book of, 28

15:lb-18, 158–60

contents of, 59–64

poetry in, 159

Ezekiel (prophet), 262

Ezekiel, book of, 300–01

and Babylonian exile, 271

and Judean monarchy, 243

themes of, 271, 298

Ezra, 277, 290, 304–09

historicity of, 306

and Israelite ethnicity, 308, 311

Ezra, book of

Aramaic language and, 279

history of composition of, 281

restoration and, 286

Ezra-Nehemiah, 289, 292, 294, 297, 301, 307, 311

chronology of, 281

Cyrus and, 284

restoration and, 281

return and, 290
See also
Nehemiah

Ezra school, 307

Fadus (Cuspius Fadus), 377–78

Feldman, Louis H., 350

Felix (Antonius Felix), 378

Fertile Crescent, 4, 5, 9, 165

Festus (Porcius Festus), 378–79

final form interpretation.
See
synchronic interpretation

Finkelstein, Israel, 89, 103, 127, 129, 130, 163, 203

Finkelstein, Louis H., 315, 350

firstborn, 27

death of, as Egyptian plague, 59

and origin of Passover, 59

First Clement, 413, 433

First Corinthians, 405

First Enoch, 368

First Esdras, 281, 311

First Jewish Revolt, 358, 363, 372, 374, 376–86, 452

Pharisees and, 366

First Maccabees, 338, 340–41

First Peter, 403, 414–15

First Timothy, 415, 430

First Triumvirate, 354

Fiscus Judaicus, 385

Flanagan, James W., 203

Flavius Clemens, 413

Flavius Silva, 384

flies, as Egyptian plague, 59

flood, 21–22

ancient Near East stories of, 3, 21

Florus (Gessius Florus), 380–87

form criticism, Exodus narrative and, 61–62

Former Prophets, 133, 302

Forum of Rome, 408

Fourth Ezra, 384

fourth philosophy.
See
Zealots

Fox, Robin Lane, 444

frankincense, 109

Freedman, David Noel, 130, 163, 205

Frerichs, Ernest S., 88

Frick, Frank S., 163, 204

Fried, Morton H., 203

Friedman, Richard Elliot, 88

Fritz, Volkmar, 204