The Parthenon Enigma (69 page)

26.
For Kodros, see Kearns,
Heroes of Attica
, 56–57, 178;
LIMC
6, s.v. “Codrus”; Kron,
Die zehn attischen Phylenheroen
, 138, 195–96, 215, 221–27, 246; N. Robertson, “Melanthus, Codrus, Neleus, Caucon: Ritual Myth as Ancient History,”
GRBS
29 (1988): 225–26. Kodros appears with the Eponymous and Marathonian heroes in Pheidias’s Marathon monument at Delphi, probably dating from the 450s; Pausanias,
Description of Greece
10.10.1. Basile is of uncertain identity, though the name seems to be associated with Basileia, “Queen.” H. A. Shapiro, “The Attic Deity Basile,”
ZPE
63 (1986): 134–36.

27.
Traditional dates for Kodros: 1089–1068
B.C.
Aristotle gives an alternative account in the
Athenian Constitution
3.3, where he states that Medon was king of Athens rather than the first archon.

28.
IG
II
²
4258, funerary epigram of Kodros, dating to Augustan period.

29.
The earliest attestation of this story is by Lykourgos,
Against Leokrates
84–87, who says Kodros was killed near the gate, outside the city. Pausanias,
Description of Greece
1.19.5, adds that Kodros was killed near the banks of the Ilissos River.

30.
G. Anderson, “Before Tyrannoi Were Tyrants: Rethinking a Chapter of Early Greek History,”
ClAnt
24 (2005): 173–222.

31.
IG
I
³
84, decree for sanctuary of Kodros, Neleus, and Basile; see Athens, Epigraphical Museum 10616 (418/417
B.C.
). J. R. Wheeler, “An Attic Decree, the Sanctuary of Kodros,”
AJA
3 (1887): 38–49; C. L. Lawton,
Attic Document Reliefs: Art and Politics in Ancient Athens
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), 83–84, plate 2, no. 4.

32.
Travlos,
Pictorial Dictionary
, 332–33, places the sanctuary within the city walls in an area today bordered by Makrigianni Street, Syngrou Avenue, and Chatzichristos Street. G. T. W. Hooker, on the other hand, places it outside the city walls on the banks of the Ilissos, “The Topography of the
Frogs
,”
JHS
80 (1960): 112–17, in keeping with the testimonia of Lykourgos and Pausanias (note 29, above), who state that Kodros was killed outside the walls of Athens.

33.
Smoot, “Poetics of Ethnicity in the Homeric
Iliad
,” notes that in the
Iliad
, Medon is the bastard brother of Lokrian Ajax and substitute leader of Philoktetes’s contingent at Troy. According to Smoot, Lokrian Medon and Athenian Medon are based on the same prototype.

34.
Plutarch,
Life of Kimon
13.8.

35.
Thompson and Wycherley,
Agora of Athens
, 135.

36.
Plutarch,
Life of Demosthenes
31.

37.
R. Lamberton and S. Rotroff,
Birds of the Athenian Agora
, Agora Picture Book 22 (Princeton, N.J.: American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1985).

38.
H. K. L. Mühle,
Beitraege zur Ornithologie Griechenlands
(Leipzig: E. Fleischer, 1844); N. Dunbar,
Aristophanes, “Birds”
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995).

39.
R. Simms, “Agra and Agrai,”
GRBS
43 (2002/2003): 219–29.

40.
Travlos,
Pictorial Dictionary
, 112–20; E. Greco,
Topografia di Atene: Sviluppo urbano e monumenti dalle origini al III secolo
d.C., vol. 2,
Colline sud-occidentali, Valle dell’Ilisso
(Paestum, Italy: Pandemos, 2010).

41.
Aristotle,
On the Heavens
294a28. For the impact of water sources on memory and place, see Ö. Harmanşah, ed.,
Of Rocks and Water: Towards an Archaeology of Place
(Providence, R.I.; Joukowsky Institute Publications/Oxbow Books, 2014).

42.
Larson,
Greek Nymphs
, 10.

43.
Connerton,
How Societies Remember;
J. Fentress and C. Wickham,
Social Memory
(
Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), 26; N. Lovell,
Locality and Belonging
(New York: Routledge, 1998), 1–2; N. Loraux,
The Divided City: On Memory and Forgetting in Ancient Athens
, trans. C. Pache and J. Fort (New York: Zone Books, 2002).

44.
Zachariadou, “Syntagma Station,” 154.

45.
IG
I
³
257;
Encyclopedia of Ancient History
(2013), s.v. “Ilissos”; I. Arnaoutoglo,
Ancient Greek Laws: A Sourcebook
(London: Routledge, 1998), 77.

46.
Kallimachos,
Collection of Rivers
, quoted by Strabo,
Geography
9.1.19.

47.
Pausanias,
Description of Greece
1.32.1;
Encyclopedia of Ancient History
(2013), s.v. “Kephissos.”

48.
In 2007, the
Kathimerini
newspaper and Skai 100.3 FM radio launched a campaign for the environmental improvement of the Kephisos River. The architect and town planner Vassilis Zotos and the British Graduates Society assembled a team of architects to create a program of environmentally sustainable interventions and guidelines for the regeneration of the river. See D. Koutsoyiannis, “On the Covering of Kephisos River” (in Greek),
Daemon of Ecology
, October 6, 2002.

49.
Athens National Archaeological Museum 1783, ca. 410
B.C.
;
IG
I
³
986 (
CEG
II 743),
LIMC
6, s.v. “Kephisos,” no. 1. The relief was discovered in 1903 at the sanctuary of the Kephisos in Echelidai halfway between the Piraeus and Phaleron. O. Walter, “Die Reliefs aus dem Heiligtum der Echeliden in Neu-Phaleron,”
ArchEph
(1937): 97–119; G. Güntner,
Göttervereine und Götterversammlungen auf attischen Weihreliefs
(Würzburg: K. Triltsch, 1994), 21–23, 78–80. See also Parker,
Polytheism and Society
, 430–32; Sourvinou-Inwood,
Athenian Myths and Festivals
, 92.

50.
In the
Iliad
, Hektor names his son Skamandrios after the Skamander River. On potamonymy, see R. Parker, “Theophoric Names and the History of Greek Religion,” in
Greek Personal Names
, eds. S. Hornblower and E. Matthews (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 59–60; P. Thonemann, “Neilomandros: A Contribution to the History of Greek Personal Names,”
Chiron
36 (2006): 11–43; P. Thonemann,
The Maeander Valley: A Historical Geography from Antiquity to Byzantium
(Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 26–31.

51.
Parker,
Polytheism and Society
, 430–31.

52.
Athens National Archaeological Museum 2756;
IG
I
³
987 (
CEG
II 744);
IG
II
²
4547–8;
LIMC
6, s.v. “Kephisos,” no. 2. See E. Voutyras, “Φροντίσματα: Το ανάγλυφο της Ξενοκράτειας και το ιερό του Κηφισού στο Νέο Φάληρο,” in Επαινος
Luigi Beschi
, ed. A. Delivorrias, G. Despinis, and A. Zarkadas (Athens: Benaki Museum, 2011), 49–58, for Xenokrateia establishing her own shrine within the city walls; and discussion in I. Mylonopoulos, “Buildings, Images, and Rituals in the Greek World,” in
The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Art and Architecture
, forthcoming. See also A. L. Purvis,
Singular Dedications: Founders and Innovators of Private Cults in Classical Greece
, ed. C. Marconi (New York: Routledge, 2003), 15–32; Guarducci, “L’offerta di Xenokrateia nel santuario di Cefiso al Falero”; E. Mitropoulou,
Corpus I: Attic Votive Reliefs of the 6th and 5th Centuries
B.C.
(Athens: Pyli, 1977), no. 65; A. Linfert, “Die Deutung des Xenokrateiareliefs,”
AM
82 (1967): 149–57.

53.
See D’Alessio, “Textual Fluctuations and Cosmic Streams.”

54.
Pausanias,
Description of Greece
1.37.3.

55.
Parker,
Polytheism and Society
, 431; Pindar,
Pythian Ode
4.145 (cf. Homer,
Iliad
23.142); Aeschylus,
The Mourners
6; “Simonides” 32b in
FGE
; Pausanias,
Description of Greece
1.37.3.

56.
Euripides,
Ion
1261.

57.
LIMC
1, s.v. “Acheloös,” nos. 1–5.

58.
The largest of the four, the Kephisos of Mount Parnassos, rose from a spring named for a naiad nymph, Lilaia, a daughter of the Kephisos. See Aelian,
Historical Miscellany
2.33.

59.
Aristophanes,
Wasps
1362; Strabo,
Geography
9.1.24; H. Foley, ed.,
Homeric Hymn to Demeter: Translation, Commentary, and Interpretative Essays
(Princeton, N.J.:
Princeton University Press, 1994), 67; J. S. Rusten, “
Wasps
1360–69: Philocleon’s τωθασμός,”
HSCP
81 (1977): 157–61; Mylonas,
Eleusinian Mysteries
, 256, no. 150; J. Henderson,
The Maculate Muse: Obscene Language in Attic Comedy
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1975), 16.

60.
See Graf, “Pompai in Greece,” 60, 63; S. des Bouvrie, “Continuity and Change Without Individual Agency: The Attic Ritual Theatre and the ‘Socially Unquestionable’ in the Tragic Genre,” in Chaniotis,
Ritual Dynamics in the Ancient Mediterranean
, 139–78.

61.
Strabo,
Geography
9.1.24 (γεφυρισμοί), 6.12 (γεφυρίζοντες), 13.1 (γεφυρίζων); Plutarch,
Life of Sulla
2.2 (γεφυριστω̑ν); Hesychios, s.v. γεφυρίς and γεφυρισταί;
Suda
, s.v. Γεφυρίζων. D. Clay, “Unspeakable Words in Greek Tragedy,”
AJP
103 (1982): 298. For apotropaic interpretation, see Mylonas,
Eleusinian Mysteries
, 256–57; Connelly, “Towards an Archaeology of Performance,” 320.

62.
D’Alessio, “Textual Fluctuations and Cosmic Streams,” and Smoot, “Poetics of Ethnicity in the Homeric
Iliad
,” point to evidence that the Acheloös was considered to be one and the same as the cosmic river Okeanos in certain parts of Greece during the classical period.

63.
For Praxithea as daughter of the Kephisos, see Euripides,
Erechtheus
F 370.63 Kannicht; Lykourgos,
Against Leokrates
99. For Praxithea as daughter of Diogeneia (another daughter of the Kephisos), see Apollodoros,
Library
3.15.1.

64.
Apollodoros,
Library
3.14.8.

65.
Hyginus,
Fabulae
14.9.

66.
Blok, “Gentrifying Genealogy,” 258; D. Henige,
The Chronology of Oral Traditions: Quest for a Chimera
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974), 37.

67.
A. J. Ammerman, “The Eridanos Valley and the Athenian Agora,”
AJA
100 (1996): 699–715;
Eridanos: The River of Ancient Athens
(Athens: Archaeological Receipts Fund, 2004); Zachariadou, “Syntagma Station,” 149–61; E. Baziotopoulou-Valavani and I. Tsirigoti-Drakotou, “Kerameikos,” in Parlama and Stampolidis,
City Beneath the City
, 264–75. Recent excavations at the Monastiraki metro station have revealed the brick-vaulted chambers of a Roman tunnel that guided wastewater from the Agora into the Eridanos. This now forms part of an open-air museum where the river can be heard flowing deep underground.

68.
Thompson and Wycherley,
Agora of Athens
, 194–96; Lang,
Waterworks in the Athenian Agora
. By the second century
A.D.
, the Eridanos served as a drain channel for the wastewaters of the densely populated city.

69.
Travlos,
Pictorial Dictionary
, 299; W. Dörpfeld, “Der Eridanos,”
AM
13 (1888): 211–20; U. Knigge, Ο Κεραμεικός της Αθήνας: Ιστορία-Μνημεία-Ανασκαφές (Athens: Krini, 1990); Lang,
Waterworks in the Athenian Agora
.

70.
The river Styx and the Acheron are both located in northern Greece, and there is a sense that north is the direction for the Land of the Dead. Perhaps the location of the Kerameikos cemetery at the northwest of the city and on the banks of the Eridanos evoked this larger scheme. I thank Guy Smoot for making this point.

71.
Travlos,
Pictorial Dictionary
, 204; R. E. Wycherley,
Literary and Epigraphical Testimonia
(Princeton, N.J.: American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1957), 137–42.

72.
Thucydides,
Peloponnesian War
2.15.5.

73.
Travlos,
Pictorial Dictionary
, 205.

74.
Ibid., 289, 296, fig. 387.

75.
Hesiod,
Theogony
351, 981, 346.

76.
Ibid., 287–94, 979–83; Apollodoros,
Library
2.5; Stesichoros,
Geryoneis
frags. S11, S87; M. Davies,
Poetarum melicorum Graecorum fragmenta
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991); M. M. Davies, “Stesichoros’
Geryoneis
and Its Folk-Tale Origins,”
CQ
, n.s., 38 (1988): 277–90.

77.
Servius,
On the Aeneid
4.250; Tzetzes,
On Lykophron’s Alexandra
875.

78. Plato,
Phaidros
229c; Kleidemos,
Atthis
1; Pausanias,
Description of Greece
1.19.6.