The Parthenon Enigma (92 page)

25.
St. Clair,
Lord Elgin and the Marbles
, 338–41. Photographs and full translation at
http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/article_index/t/translation_of_elgins_firman.aspx
.

26.
Nagel,
Mistress of the Elgin Marbles
, 134–35.

27.
Ibid., 136.

28.
Extracts given in Nagel,
Mistress of the Elgin Marbles
, 134–39, as transcribed from letters and diaries of Mary Hamilton Nisbet, Bruce Ferguson, and Thomas Bruce, Earl of Elgin (now in the possession of Andrew, eleventh Earl of Elgin and fifteenth Earl of Kincardine, Mr. Julian Brooke, and Mr. Richard Blake). See also R. Stoneman,
A Literary Companion to Travel in Greece
(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1994), 139.

29.
E. D. Clarke,
Travels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia, and Africa
(London: T. Cadell and W. Davies, 1810), sec. 2, 484.

30.
Vrettos,
Elgin Affair;
F. S. N. Douglas,
An Essay on Certain Points of Resemblance Between the Ancient and Modern Greeks
(London: J. Murray, 1813), 89; Dodwell,
Classical and Topographical Tour Through Greece
, vol. 1, 322–24; T. S. Hughes,
Travels in Sicily, Greece, and Albania
(London: J. Mawman, 1820), sec. 1, 261; F.-A.-R. Chateaubriand,
Travels to Jerusalem and the Holy Land Through Egypt
(London: H. Colburn, 1835), sec. 1, 187.

31.
Lord Byron,
Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage
(1812), canto 2, stanzas 11–15.

32.
A. Chaniotis, “Broken Is Beautiful: The Aesthetics of Fragmentation and the Cult of Relics,” in Mylonopoulos and Chaniotis,
New Acropolis Museum
, 44.

33.
Bernard Tschumi Architects,
New Acropolis Museum;
Tschumi, Mauss, and Tschumi Architects,
Acropolis Museum
.

34.
D. Pandermalis and S. Eleftheratou,
Acropolis Museum Short Guide
(Athens: New Acropolis Museum, 2009); Vlassopoulou,
Acropolis and Museum
; M. Caskey, “Perceptions of the New Acropolis Museum,”
AJA
115 (2011),
http://www.ajaonline.org/online-review-museum/911
.

35.
Some, however, have seen this offer very differently. See Y. Hamilakis, “Nostalgia for the Whole: The Parthenon (or Elgin) Marbles,” in
Nation and Its Ruins
, pages 243–86, for the opinion that this approach only continues a submissive, subservient posture that exists within the logic of colonialism.

36.
“Students, Supported by Marbles Reunited, Stage a Peaceful Protest at the British Museum,” PRNewswire, May 6, 2009,
http://www.elginism.com/20090506/1942/
. Students and teachers traveled to London from the second General Lyceum in Argostoli, Kephalonia.

37.
For the eighth Earl of Elgin and the burning of the Summer Palace, see W. T. Hanes and F. Sanello,
The Opium Wars: The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another
(Naperville, Ill.: Sourcebooks, 2002).

38.
For the “universal museum,” see the Declaration on the Importance and Value of the Universal Museum, signed by eighteen European and American museums in December 2003,
http://icom.museum/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/ICOM_News/2004-1/ENG/p4_2004-1.pdf
. For cosmopolitanism and the defense of the universal museum, see K. A. Appiah,
Cosmopolitanism
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2006); J. Cuno,
Museums Matter: In Praise of the Encyclopedic Museum
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012); J. Cuno,
Who Owns Antiquity?
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008); J. Cuno, ed.,
Whose Culture? The Promise of Museums and the Debate over Antiquities
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2009). For an interesting discussion of cosmopolitanism and particularism, see D. Gillman,
The Idea of Cultural Heritage
, 49–55. For critiques of the universal museum, see G. Abungu, “The Declaration: A Contested Issue,”
ICOM News
1 (2004): 4; G. W. Curtis, “Universal Museums, Museum Objects, and Repatriation:
The Tangled Stories of Things,”
Museum Management and Curatorship
21 (2006): 117–28.

39.
C. Calhoun,
Nations Matter: Culture, History, and the Cosmopolitan Dream
(New York: Routledge, 2007); C. Calhoun, “Imagining Solidarity: Cosmopolitanism, Constitutional Patriotism, and the Public Sphere,”
Public Culture
14 (2002): 147–71; C. Calhoun, “Cosmopolitanism in the Modern Social Imaginary,”
Daedalus
137 (2008): 105–14. For further critique of cosmopolitanism, see A. González-Ruibal, “Vernacular Cosmopolitanism: An Archaeological Critique of Universalistic Reason,” in
Cosmopolitan Archaeologies
, ed. L. Meskell (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2009), 113–39.

40.
A television poll conducted in 1996, reported in Hitchens,
Parthenon Marbles
, xxi, shows a very similar figure. For a poll taken by
The Guardian
in 2009 see
http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/poll/2009/jun/24/elgin-marbles
. It should be said that these polls represent somewhat “loaded” samples and, in the case of the
Guardian
poll, reflect the opinions of those choosing to send in their vote. The true figure is hard to ascertain because of the large number of “don’t know/never heard of them” responses. A debate on the return of the Parthenon sculptures to Athens, sponsored by Intelligence Squared and televised by the BBC, was held at Cadogan Hall in London on June 11, 2012. The actor Stephen Fry and Andrew George, Liberal Democrat MP for St. Ives, spoke for the motion, while Tristram Hunt, Labour MP for Stoke-on-Trent, and Felipe Fernández-Armesto, professor of history at the University of Notre Dame, spoke against it. A vote by the audience showed the motion to return the sculptures carried by 384 to 125.

41.
This figure is extrapolated from the annual visitor totals claimed by the British Museum and the average proportion observed entering the Duveen Gallery.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18373312
.

42.
Lords Debates, “The Parthenon Sculptures,” May 19, 1997.

43.
Lord Renfrew has argued for the preservation of archaeological material within its stratigraphic and cultural contexts, see C. Renfrew,
Loot, Legitimacy, and Ownership: The Ethical Crisis in Archaeology
(London: Duckworth, 2000); C. Renfrew, “Museum Acquisitions: Responsibilities for the Illicit Traffic in Antiquities,” in
Archaeology, Cultural Heritage, and the Antiquities Trade
, ed. N. Brodie, M. Kersel, C. Luke, and K. W. Tubb (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2008), 245–57; N. Brodie and C. Renfrew, “Looting and the World’s Archaeological Heritage: The Inadequate Response,”
Annual Review of Anthropology
34 (2005): 343–61; N. Brodie, J. Doole, and C. Renfrew, eds.,
Trade in Illicit Antiquities: The Destruction of the World’s Archaeological Heritage
(Cambridge, U.K.: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2001); C. Renfrew, “The Fallacy of the ‘Good Collector’ of Looted Antiquities,”
Public Archaeology
1 (2000): 76–78.

44.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18373312
.

45.
M. Anderson, “Ownership Isn’t Everything: The Future Will Be Shared,”
Art Newspaper
, September 15, 2010.

46.
By Robert A. McCabe, whom I warmly thank for his kindness in allowing his beautiful photographs to be published throughout this book.

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