The Peoples of Middle-earth (64 page)

27. If he ever did so. Little has been ever heard in Middle-earth of Aman after the departure of the Noldor. Those who returned thither have never come back, since the change of the world. To Numenor in its first days they went often, but small part of the lore and histories of Numenor survived its Downfall. [With the words in the text at this point concerning Indis cf. Laws and Customs among the Eldar (X.249 and note 17), where Finwe in Mandos said to Vaire: 'But Indis parted from me without death.

I had not seen her for many years, and when the Marrer smote me I was alone.... Little comfort should I bring her, if I returned.']

28. [It is strange that my father should give the name of the second daughter of Finwe as both Irime and Irien within the space of a few lines. Possibly he intended Irien at the first occurrence but inadvertently wrote Irime, the name found in all the genealogies (note 26).]

29. But the true equivalent in Sindarin was Gladwen (Common Eldarin stem g-lada- > Quenya lala-, Telerin glada, Sindarin glad-).

30. 'Wisdom' - but not in the sense 'sagacity, sound judgement (founded on experience and sufficient knowledge)'; 'Knowledge'

would be nearer, or 'Philosophy' in its older applications which included Science. Nolme was thus distinct from Kurwe 'technical skill and invention', though not necessarily practised by distinct persons. The stem appeared in Quenya (in which it was most used) in forms developed from Common Eldarin ngol-, ngolo-, with or without syllabic n: as in *Ngolodo > Quenya Noldo (Telerin golodo, Sindarin golod) - the Noldor had been from the earliest times most eminent in and concerned with this kind of

'wisdom'; nolme a department of wisdom (science etc.); Ingole (ngole) Science/Philosophy as a whole; nolmo a wise person; ingolemo one with very great knowledge, a 'wizard'. This last word was however archaic and applied only to great sages of the Eldar in Valinor (such as Rumil). The wizards of the Third Age -

emissaries from the Valar - were called Istari 'those who know'.

The form Ingoldo may be noted: it is a form of Noldo with syllabic n, and being in full and more dignified form is more or less equivalent to 'the Noldo, one eminent in the kindred'. It was the mother-name of Arafinwe [Finarfin], and like the name Arakano 'high chieftain' that Indis gave to Nolofinwe [Fingolfin]

was held to be 'prophetic'. Earwen gave this name [Ingoldo] to her eldest child Artafinde (Finrod), and by it he was usually called by his brothers and sister who esteemed him and loved him. It was never Sindarized (the form would have been Angolod ). The name spread from his kin to many others who held him in honour, especially to Men (the Atani) of whom he was the greatest friend among the Eldar. Thus later it became frequent as a given name in Numenor, and continued to be so in Gondor, though reduced in the Common Speech to Ingold. One such Ingold appears in The Lord of the Rings as the commander of the guard of the North Gate into the Pelennor of Gondor.

[In earlier texts (see X.265 note 10) the name Ingoldo was the mother-name of Nolofinwe (Fingolfin), 'signifying that he came of both the kin of the Ingar and of the Noldor'; while the mother-name of Arafinwe (Finarfin) was Ingalaure 'for he had the golden hair of his mother's people'. Apart from the first one, the genealogical tables give Fingolfin and Finarfin the mother-names Arakano and Ingoldo as here.]

31. Except for Finarfin as the name of his younger brother. This was also the only name of a Noldo who did not come into exile to receive a Sindarin form. This was because Arafinwe's children had a special position among the exiles, especially in relation to King Thingol of Doriath, their kinsman, and were often referred to collectively by the Sindar as 'the children of Finarfin' or the Nothrim [> Nost] Finarfin, 'the house/family of Finarfin'.

32. [In the text at this point there is a reference forward to discussion of the names of the Sons of Feanor, but this was not reached in the typescript before it was abandoned; see pp. 352 ff.]

33. As he said with some justice: 'My brother's claim rests only upon a decree of the Valar; but of what force is that for those who have rejected them and seek to escape from their prison-land?' But Fingolfin answered: 'I have not rejected the Valar, nor their authority in all matters where it is just for them to use it. But if the Eldar were given free choice to leave Middle-earth and go to Aman, and accepted it because of the loveliness and bliss of that land, their free choice to leave it and return to Middle-earth, when it has become dark and desecrated, cannot be taken away.

Moreover I have an errand in Middle-earth, the avenging of the blood of my father upon Morgoth, whom the Valar let loose among us. Feanor seeks first his stolen treasures.'

[It is said in the text at this point that Fingolfin claimed to be

'the chieftain of all the Noldor after the death of Finwe', and the same was said in the essay proper (p. 336). All the texts agree that after the banishment of Feanor from Tirion, and the departure of Finwe with him to Formenos, Fingolfin ruled the Noldor in Tirion; and it was said in the Quenta Silmarillion (see IV.95, V.235) that afterwards, when the Flight of the Noldor began, those of Tirion 'would not now renounce the kingship of Fingolfin'. On the other hand, in the final story of the events leading to the Flight, when Feanor and Fingolfin had become half-brothers, they were reconciled 'in word' before the throne of Manwe at the fateful festival; and in that reconciliation Fingolfin said to Feanor: Thou shalt lead and I will follow (see X.197, 287).]

34. [On Anaire wife of Fingolfin and Elenwe wife of Turgon see XI.323, $12; and on Arakano, Sindarin Argon, see note 38.]

35. [In all the genealogical tables Fingon's Quenya name is Finicano except in the last, in which it is Findicano (altered to Findecano).

In all the tables he is marked as having a wife, though she is not named; in the first, two children are named, Ernis and Finbor, Ernis subsequently becoming Erien, but in the final table they were struck out, with the note that Fingon 'had no child or wife'.]

36. It was a derivative of Common Eldarin KAN 'cry, call aloud', which developed divergent meanings (like 'call' in English or the Germanic stem hait-) depending on the purposes for which a loud voice would be used: e.g. to take an oath, make a vow or promise; to announce important news, or messages and orders; to issue orders and commands in person; to 'call for' - to name a thing or person desired, to summons; to call a person by name, to name.

Not all of these were found in any one of the later languages (Quenya, Telerin, Sindarin). In Quenya the sense command had become the usual one: to issue orders in person, whether by derived authority or one's own; when applied to things it meant demand. In archaic language the older and simplest agental form

*kano > kano still had the sense 'crier, or herald', and kanwa 'an announcement' as well as 'an order' - later terkano (one through whom orders or announcements are made) was used for 'herald'.

In Telerin cano meant 'herald', and the verb can- was mostly used in the sense 'cry aloud, call', but also 'to summons or name a person'. In Sindarin can- was used for 'cry out, shout, call', with implications supplied by the context; it never meant either 'order'

or 'name'; caun (*kana) meant 'outcry, clamour', often in plural form conath when referring to many voices, and often applied to lamentation (though not as English 'cry' to weeping tears): cf.

naergon 'woeful lament'.

37. Common Eldarin *phini- a single hair, *phinde a tress; Sindarin fin; find, finn-.

38. When the onset of the Orks caught the host at unawares as they marched southwards and the ranks of the Eldar were giving way, he sprang forward and hewed a path through the foes, daunted by his stature and the terrible light of his eyes, till he came to the Ork-captain and felled him. Then though he himself was surrounded and slain, the Orks were dismayed, and the Noldor pursued them with slaughter.

[The third son of Fingolfin, Arakano (Argon), emerged in the course of the making of the genealogies. A pencilled note on the last of the four tables says that he fell in the fighting at Alqualonde; this was struck out, and my father noted that a preferable story was that he perished in the Ice. It is curious that this third son, of whom there had never before been any mention, entered (as it seems) without a story, and the manner of his death was twice changed before the remarkable appearance here of

'the first battle of Fingolfin's host with the Orks, the Battle of the Lammoth', in which he fell. In the account in the Grey Annals (XI.30) Fingolfin, after the passage of the Helkaraxe, 'marched from the North unopposed through the fastness of the realm of Morgoth, and he passed over Dor-Daedeloth, and his foes hid beneath the earth'; whereas in the present note his host was attacked in Lammoth 'at unawares as they marched southwards'

(see the map, XI.182).]

39. [All the genealogical tables give the name of Fingolfin's daughter as Irisse (frith); in the last of them frith was changed to Ireth, the form found here, but later still both names were struck out and replaced by (Ar) Feiniel 'White Lady' (on this see XI.317-18, and 409 with note 34).

There is a strange confusion in this paragraph. Above, my father said that Irisse was 'under the protection of' Turukano (Turgon) her brother and his wife Elenwe; but here Irisse is the daughter of Elenwe who perished in the Ice. This cannot be rectified by the substitution of the correct name (Anaire for Elenwe, or Itaril for Irisse, Ireth), because he was expressly writing of Elenwe and expressly writing of Irisse.]

40. [Turgon's saving of his daughter Idril Celebrindal from death in the Helkaraxe has not been referred to before.]

41. [Arothir has been named earlier (note 23) as the 'kinsman and steward' of Finrod; see also note 47.]

42. (1) it in itila 'twinkling, glinting', and ita 'a flash', ita- verb 'to sparkle'. (2) ril- 'brilliant light': cf. silmaril(le), the name given by Feanor to his three Jewels. The first was especially applied to the bright lights of the eyes, which were a mark of all the High Eldar who had ever dwelt in Valinor, and at times in later ages reappeared in their descendants among mortal men, whether from Itaril or Luthien.

43. *arat- was an extended form of the stem ara- 'noble'. The derivative arata was much used as an adjective in Telerin and Sindarin (Telerin arata, Sindarin arod). In Quenya it had become special-ized, and mainly used in Aratar 'the Exalted', the Nine of the chief Valar. It was however still used in noble names.

44. [On p. 346 my father said that of the children of Finarfin the mother-names were remembered only in the cases of Finrod (Ingoldo) and Galadriel (Nerwende); he omitted to mention Aikanaro.]

45. Quenya aika was derived from a Common Eldarin stem GAYA

'awe, dread'; but the adjectival form *gayaka from which aika descended was not preserved in Telerin or Sindarin. Other derivatives were *gaya 'terror, great fear': Telerin gaia, Sindarin goe, Quenya aya. Adjectives formed on this, Telerin gaiala, Sindarin goeol, replaced Quenya aika. In a name of this sort in Sindarin the noun would most naturally have been used, producing goe-naur > Goenor. Also *Gayar- 'the Terrifier', the name made for the Sea, the vast and terrifying Great Sea of the West, when the Eldar first came to its shores: Quenya Ear, Earen, Telerin gaiar; Sindarin gaear, gae(a)ron, Belegaer. This word is also found in the Quenya name Earendil, the mariner (sea-lover); see p. 348.

The stem acquired in Quenya a specially high and noble sense

- except in ear, though that was also majestic in its vastness and power; and aika, though that was seldom applied to evil things.

Thus Quenya aya meant rather 'awe' than 'fear', profound reverence and sense of one's own littleness in the presence of things or persons majestic and powerful. The adjective aira was the nearest equivalent to 'holy'; and the noun aire to 'sanctity'.

Aire was used by the Eldar as a title of address to the Valar and the greater Mayar. Varda would be addressed as Aire Tari. (Cf.

Galadriel's Lament, where it is said that the stars trembled at the sound of the holy queen's voice: the prose or normal form of which would have been tintilar lirinen omaryo Aire-tario.) This change, though possible to have occurred (as it has in our 'awe') without extraneous influence, was said by the loremasters to have been partly due to the influence of the Valarin language, in which ayanu- was the name of the Spirits of Eru's first creation. [With the last sentence of this note cf. XI.399.]

46. [On the remarkable change whereby Celeborn (Teleporno) became a Telerin Elf of Aman see Unfinished Tales pp. 231-3, where the present passage is cited. The etymology of Galadriel that follows in the text was used for the account of the name in the Appendix to The Silmarillion, entry kal-.]