The Psychology Book (29 page)

90 INTRODUCTION

In his book

Karen Horney’s

Sigmund Freud

Psychological Types
,

differences with Freud

and Josef Breuer

Carl Jung introduces

Anna Freud
publishes

lead her to establish the

publish
Studies on

the terms
“introvert”

The Ego and the

American Institute for

Hysteria
.

and
“extrovert
.
”

Mechanisms of Defense
.

Psychoanalysis
.

1895

1921

1936

1941

1900

1927

1937

1941

Sigmund Freud introduces

Alfred Adler
is

Jacques Lacan
delivers

Erich Fromm
writes

the key concepts of

recognized as the founder

his paper
The Mirror

one of the seminal

psychoanalysis
in
The

of individual psychology

Stage
to the 14th

works of sociopolitical

Interpretation of Dreams
.

following the publication of

International

psychology,
The Fear

The Practice and Theory of

Psychoanalytical

of Freedom
.

Individual Psychology
.

Congress.

A
t the turn of the 20th that he felt was key to our behavior. Despite these differences of century, behaviorism was

Freud believed that accessing the

opinion, however, Freud’s basic

becoming the dominant

unconscious by talking to his

ideas were modified rather than

approach to psychology in the US;

patients would bring painful,

rejected by the next generation of

psychologists in Europe, however,

hidden memories into conscious

psychoanalysts, and subsequent

were taking a different direction.

awareness where the patient could

theories place the emphasis on

This was largely due to the work

make sense of them, and so gain

different areas. Erik Erikson, for

of Sigmund Freud, whose theories

relief from their symptoms.

example, took a more social and

focused on psychopathology and

developmental approach, while

treatment rather than the study

New psychotherapies

Jung was to formulate the idea

of mental processes and behavior.

Freud’s ideas spread across Europe

of a collective unconscious.

Unlike behaviorism, his ideas were

and the US. He attracted a circle at

For the first half of the 20th

based on observation and case

his Vienna Psychoanalytic Society,

century, psychoanalysis in its

histories rather than experimental

which included Alfred Adler and

various forms remained the main

evidence.

Carl Jung. However, both these

alternative to behaviorism, and it

Freud had worked with the

men came to disagree with

faced no serious challenges until

French neurologist Jean Martin

elements of Freud’s theories, going

after World War II. In the 1950s,

Charcot, and was much influenced

on to develop their own distinct

Freudian psychotherapy was still

by the latter’s use of hypnosis for

psychodynamic approaches based

practiced by therapists, especially

the treatment of hysteria. From his

on Freud’s groundwork. Well-known

in France by Jacques Lacan and

time with Charcot, Freud realized

therapists Melanie Klein and Karen

his followers, but new therapies

the importance of the unconscious,

Horney, and even Freud’s daughter

appeared that sought to bring

an area of nonconscious thought

Anna, also broke away from Freud.

about genuine change in patients’