The Queen's Agent: Francis Walsingham at the Court of Elizabeth I (55 page)

22
Army in Essex: Burghley to Walsingham 19 July 1588, in Laughton,
Spanish Armada
, I, 284–5;
APC
XVI (1588), 198, 208–9; Neil Younger, ‘If the Armada had Landed: A Reappraisal of England’s Defences in 1588’,
History
93 (2008), 328–54; Adams, ‘Armada Correspondence’, 80 n. 1.

23
Camp at Tilbury: TNA SP 12/213, fol. 90r, 113–14; James Aske,
Elizabetha Triumphans
(1588), STC 847 (amain, with full force or speed); Leah S. Marcus, Janel Mueller and Mary Beth Rose (eds),
Elizabeth I: Collected Works
(Chicago and London, 2000), 325–6; Miller Christy, ‘Queen Elizabeth’s Visit to Tilbury in 1588’,
EHR
34 (1919), 43–61. McDermott,
Necessary Quarrel
, 279–81 dates the visit as 7–8 August, but Walsingham wrote to Burghley describing events ‘at the court, in the camp’ on 9 August. Rumours of Parma’s departure: Adams, ‘Armada Correspondence’, 87–8. This place breedeth courage: Walsingham to Burghley 9 Aug. 1588, in Laughton,
Spanish Armada
, II, 82–3.

24
Harvest:
APC
XVI (1588), 221–2. Fought more with your pen: Seymour to Walsingham 18 Aug. 1588, in Laughton,
Spanish Armada
, II, 126–7. Half doings: Walsingham to Burghley 8 Aug. 1588, BL Harley 6994, fol. 138. Oliver Pigge: Cressy, ‘Celebration, Myth and Memory’, 158, 160.

25
Armada portraits: Roy Strong,
Gloriana: The Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I
(London, 1987), 132–3; Kevin Sharpe,
Selling the Tudor Monarchy
(New Haven and London, 2009), 381–2. Gift exchange and Barn Elms: John Nichols,
The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth
(New York, 1973), III, 8–9, 27–8; Lisa M. Klein, ‘Your Humble Handmaid: Elizabethan Gifts of Needlework’,
Renaissance Quarterly
50 (1997), 459–93. Windebank: Read,
Walsingham
, III, 326, 349, 447–8.

26
Such emulation: Penry Williams,
The Later Tudors: England 1547–1603
(Oxford, 1998), 341. After her majesty’s decease: Walsingham to Sidney 7 Sep. 1588, in Read,
Walsingham
, III, 338–9. Pretendeth to be a king: ibid., 343–4.

27
Azores: Howard to Walsingham 27 Aug. 1588, TNA SP 12/215, fol. 104. Lisbon expedition and Essex: Walsingham to Windebank 2 May 1589, TNA 12/224, fol. 12; Lane to Walsingham 27 July 1589, TNA SP 12/225, fol. 77–8; Kelsey,
Queen’s Pirate
, chapter 12. Contraband: Read,
Walsingham
, III, 350–2.

28
Working in bed: BL Harley 6994, fol. 189r. Wonderfully overthrown: Read,
Walsingham
, III, 424. Essex as Sidney’s heir: Paul E. J. Hammer, ‘Robert Devereux, second Earl of Essex’ in
Oxford DNB
. 

29
Speedy easing: TNA SP 12/231, fol. 116. Selling land: inquisition post mortem, 27 Sep. 1592, printed in E. A. Webb, G. W. Miller and J. Beckwith,
The History of Chislehurst: Its Church, Manors, and Parish
(London, 1899), 361–2; for Mylles see also Read,
Walsingham
, II, 319–20, 336 and III, 45. Walsingham’s death:
The Private Diary of Dr John Dee
, ed. J. O. Halliwell (London, 1842), 33 (16 April according to Dee’s own version of new-style dating); Alexandra Walsham,
Providence in Early Modern England
(Oxford, 1999), 240. Bingham’s letter: Rory Rapple,
Martial Power and Elizabethan Political Culture: Military Men in England and Ireland, 1558–1594
(Cambridge, 2009), 285.

30
Walsingham’s will: PRO, PROB 11/75, fol. 262v–263r. Bradford and Barnes: Webb,
History of Chislehurst
, 361–2. Burial inscription: Henry Holland,
Monumenta Sepulchraria Sancti Pauli
(1614), STC 13583.5, 17–19, ‘ut a multis periculis patriam liberavit, servarit Rem-publicam, conformarit pacem’. Pillar of our common wealth: Thomas Watson,
An Eglogue upon the Death of the Right Honorable Sir Francis Walsingham
(1590), STC 25121; Albert Chatterley, ‘Thomas Watson’ in
Oxford DNB
.

Acknowledgements

Neil Belton at Faber and Faber has been a heroically patient editor, incisive and gracious in his comments. This was his idea for a book; I hope it has been worth the wait. Kate Murray-Browne helped to make it a better-written story than it would otherwise have been. Numerous colleagues, friends and family have assisted along the way. Robert Armstrong, Jason Eldred, Jonathan Fagence and Matthew Grimley kindly commented on drafts. Simon Ditchfield translated Tomasso Sassetti’s Italian account of Francis Walsingham and the Sieur de Briquemault, and Stuart Carroll helped me understand the geography of sixteenth-century Paris. Advice and encouragement was offered by Kenneth Bartlett, Claire Booth, John Bossy, Jonathan Blunden, Jon Crawford, Thomas Healy, Jan James, Harry Kelsey, Peter Mancall, Bill Sherman, Penry Williams and Jonathan Woolfson. Blair Worden lent me his copy of Conyers Read’s three-volume biography of Walsingham, and Stephen Alford arranged for me to see the portrait in King’s College, Cambridge. Aspects of the argument were tested out in seminars at the Universities of Cambridge, London, Liverpool and York. A Francis Bacon Fellowship at the Huntington Library gave me time to read about western planting; Juan Gomez and the staff of the Ahmanson Reading Room were hospitable beyond the call of duty. My deepest debt of gratitude is to Suzanne Fagence Cooper, who read the entire book in draft and coaxed me to complete it.

Index 

Abington, Edward,
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5

Agarde, Francis,
1
,
2

agents,
see
spies

Alençon, Francis Hercules, Duke of: age,
1
,
2
,
3
;

appearance,
1
;

arrival in London,
1
,
2
;

character,
1
;

death,
1
;

Elizabeth’s response to proposal,
1
,
2
;

French views of English marriage,
1
;

imprisonment,
1
,
2
;

marriage treaty,
1
,
2
;

pet name,
1
,
2
;

privy council’s views of match,
1
,
2
;

prospective suitor for Elizabeth,
1
,
2
,
3
;

relationship with Dutch,
1
,
2
;

religious beliefs,
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
;

role in wars of religion,
1
;

Walsingham’s communications with,
1
;

Walsingham’s view of match,
1
,
2
,
3

Allegory of the Tudor Succession,
1
,
2
,
3
,
4

Allen, William, Cardinal: career,
1
;

college for English missionary priests,
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
;

Defence of English Catholics
,
1
,
2
;

distinction between Catholics and heretics,
1
;

organisation of English mission,
1
,
2
;

plans for invasion of England,
1
;

view of Somerville plot,
1
;

vision of English mission,
1
,
2

Alley, William, Bishop of Exeter,
1

Alva, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of,
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5

America: Carleill’s proposals,
1
;

Davis’s expeditions,
1
;

Dee’s legal justifications for English colonisation,
1
;

Elizabeth’s investment,
1
;

English plantations,
1
,
2
,
3
;

English settlement policy,
1
;

Florida,
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
;

French interests,
1
,
2
;

Gilbert’s expedition,
1
,
2
;

Hakluyt’s role in colonisation,
1
,
2
;

north-west passage,
1
;

Peckham’s Catholic colony plans,
1
;

Rhode Island,
1
,
2
;

Roanoke settlement,
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
;