The Queen's Bed: An Intimate History of Elizabeth's Court (67 page)

10
CSP Dom
, 1581–91, p. 515.

11
J. K. Laughton,
State Papers Concerning the Defeat of the Spanish Armada
(London, 1898), vol. I, p. 46. Stafford’s original letter has not survived.

12
CSP Foreign
, 1586–8, pp. 597, 641, 652;
CSP Foreign
, 1588, p. 5.

13
Rodriguez-Salgado and Adams (eds),
England, Spain and the Gran Armada 1585–1604;
Colin Martin and Geoffrey Parker,
The Spanish Armada
(London, 1999); James McDermott,
England and the Spanish Armada: The Necessary Quarrel
(New Haven and London, 2005).

14
BL Add. MS 44839; TNA SP 12/213/80; SP 12/214/86.

15
BL Harleian MS 6798, art. 18.
Cabala, Mysteries of State and Government: in Letters of Illustrious Persons and Great Ministers of State
(London, 1663), p. 373; see Janet M. Green, ‘I My Self: Queen Elizabeth I’s Oration at Tilbury Camp’,
Sixteenth Century Journal
28 (1997), pp. 421–45, and Susan Frye, ‘The Myth of Elizabeth at Tilbury’,
Sixteenth Century Journal
23 (1992), pp. 95–114; Miller Christy, ‘Queen Elizabeth’s Visit to Tilbury in 1588’,
English Historical Review
, xxxiv (1919), p. 46; A. J. Collins, ‘The Progress of Queen Elizabeth to the Camp at Tilbury, 1588’,
British Museum Quarterly
10 (1936), pp. 164–7.

16
CSP Span,
1587–1603, p. 481.

17
Ibid.

18
A. and C. Belsey, ‘Icons of Divinity: Portraits of Elizabeth I’, in
Renaissance Bodies
, pp. 15–16.

19
Roy Strong,
Gloriana.

Chapter 44: Barricaded from Within

  
1
CSP Span
, 1587–1603, pp. 419–20.

  
2
BL Cotton MS Caligula D I, fol. 338.

  
3
CSP Span
, 1587–1603, p. 481.

  
4
BL Cotton MS Caligula D I, fol. 333r.

  
5
HMC Bath
, V, p. 94.

  
6
CSP Span
, 1587–1603, p. 481.

  
7
TNA SP 12/215/65.

  
8
BL Sloane MS 1926, fols 35–43v, reproduced in D. C. Peck, ‘“News from Heaven and Hell”: A Defamatory Narrative of the Earl of Leicester’,
English Literary Renaissance
8 (1978), pp. 141–58.

  
9
See F. G. Emmison,
Elizabethan Life. Vol. 1: Disorder
(Chelmsford, 1971), p. 42; Joel Samaha, ‘Gleanings from Local Criminal-Court Records: Sedition amongst the Inarticulate in Elizabethan Essex’,
The Journal of Social History
8 (1975), p. 69.

10
Paul E. J. Hammer,
The Polarisation of Elizabethan Politics: The Political Career of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, 1585–1597
(Cambridge, 1999).

11
Folger Shakespeare Library, L.a.39.

12
BL Tanner MS 76, fol. 29.

13
Devereux,
Lives and Letters of the Devereux
, I, pp. 187–9.

14
Harrison (ed.),
Letters of Elizabeth
, p. 195.

15
LPL MS 3199, p. 116; LPL MS 3201, fol. 208r. The date of the marriage remains uncertain.

16
Lodge,
Illustrations of British History
, vol. II, p. 422.

17
Cited in J. E. Neale,
Queen Elizabeth
(London, 1979), p. 328.

18
CP 168/55, 20/65 printed in
HMC Salisbury
, IV, p. 153.

19
Mistress Southwell did not marry until 1600, by which time she was aged thirty. Her husband, Sir Barantyne Molyns, was notoriously ugly and almost blinded by war wounds, TNA, SP 14/89, fol. 4r. She died in June 1606, having borne a son in 1602, TNA C 142/391/66.

20
See A. L. Rowse,
Ralegh and the Thockmortons
(London, 1962), p. 160.

21
The works of Sir Walter Ralegh, kt: now first collected: to which are prefixed the lives of the author
, by William Oldys and Thomas Birch, vol. 8,
Miscellaneous works
(Oxford, 1829), p. 659.

22
Ralegh may have married Elizabeth Throckmorton as early as February 1588; see P. Lefranc, ‘La date du mariage de Sir Walter Ralegh: un document indit’,
Etudes Anglaises
9 (1956), pp. 192–211. It seems more likely, however, that the wedding occurred in November 1591, after Throckmorton had become pregnant.

23
D. J. H. Clifford (ed.),
The Diaries of Lady Anne Clifford
(Stroud, 1992), p. 27; see Johanna Rickman,
Love, Lust and License in Early Modern England: Illicit Sex and the Nobility
(Aldershot, 1998), pp. 27–68.

Chapter 45: Suspected and Discontented Persons

  
1
Sir Robert Cecil to Lord Chancellor Hatton, 8 August 1591, printed in
Religion, Politics and Society in Sixteenth Century England
, ed. Ian Archer et al., pp. 228–30 at p. 291.

  
2
Michael Questier, ‘Loyal to a Fault: Viscount Montague Explains Himself’,
Historical Research
77 (2004), pp. 225–53; Curtis Charles Breight, ‘Caressing the Great: Viscount Montague’s Entertainment of Elizabeth at Cowdray, 1591’,
Sussex Archaeological Collections
, 127 (1989), pp. 147–66; Michael Leslie, ‘Something nasty in the wilderness: Entertaining Queen Elizabeth on her Progresses’,
Medical and Renaissance Drama in England
, 10 (1998), pp. 47–72.

  
3
See John Strype,
Annals
, I, pp. 442, 445, 446. See also for example the comments of Allen in
Execution of Justice
, ed. Kingdon, pp. 140–1.

  
4
Curtis Charles Breight in ‘Duelling Ceremonies: The Strange Case of William Hacket, Elizabethan Messiah’,
Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies
191 (1989), pp. 35–67.

  
5
‘Memorandum of the arraignment at Newgate of William Hacket, of Northamptonshire, for high treason’, 26 July 1591, printed in
HMC Fourteenth Report, Appendix, Part IV. The Manuscripts of Lord Kenyon
, p. 607. See Alexandra Walsham, ‘Frantick Hacket: Prophecy, Sorcery, Insanity and the Elizabethan Puritan Movement’,
Historical Journal
41 (1998), pp. 27–66.

  
6
G. B. Harrison,
Elizabethan Journal
, 1591–1594, pp. 41–2.

  
7
Ibid., pp. 45–6.

  
8
Quoted in C. Devlin,
The Life of Robert Southwell
(London, 1956), p. 243.

  
9
TRP
, III, pp. 86–93.

10
Ibid.

11
Sir John Harington,
A Tract on the Succession to the Crown
, ed. C. R. Markham (London, 1880), p. 104.

12
CSP Dom
, 1591–4, p. 302.

13
TNA SP 12/113/173; SP 12/247/61.

14
TNA SP 12/244/112.

15
TNA SP 12/247/79; Nicholas Owen has been wrongly identified as Hugh Owen.

16
Harrison,
Elizabethan Journal
, vol. I, p. 283. See TNA SP 12/247/33; TNA SP 12/247/35; SP 12/247/39; SP 12/247/60; SP 12/247/62.

17
TNA SP 12/247/78; Harrison,
Elizabethan Journal
, p. 289.

18
TNA SP 12/247/78.

19
Warren Skidmore, ‘Lady Mary Scudamore (
c
.1550–1603)’, occasional papers, no. 29.

20
Francis Edwards,
Plots and Plotters in the Reign of Elizabeth I
(Dublin, 2002).

21
TRP
, III, pp. 134–6.

22
TNA SP 12/247/98.

23
TNA SP 12/247/66.

24
TRP
, III, pp. 134–6; Harrison,
Elizabethan Journal
, vol. I, p. 286.

25
TRP
, III, pp. 134–6.

26
Francis Bacon,
A Collection of Apophthegms. New and Old
(London, 1671), p. 225.

27
TNA SP 12/249/68; SP 12/249/91.

Chapter 46: Age and Decay

  
1
Harrison,
Elizabethan Journal
, vol. I, p. 286.

  
2
TNA SP 12/247, fol. 79.

  
3
Harington,
A Tract on the Succession to the Crown
, p. 43.

  
4
Peter Wentworth,
A pithie exhortation to her Maiestie for establishing her successor to the crowne
(Edinburgh, 1598).

  
5
Harington,
Nugae Antiquae
, II, p. 248.

  
6
Clapham,
Elizabeth of England
, p. 86.

  
7
S. P. Cerasano and M. Wynne-Davies, ‘From Myself, My Other Self I Turned’, in S. P. Cerasano and M. Wynne-Davies, eds,
Gloriana’s Face: Women, Public and Private in the English Renaissance
(Hemel Hempstead, 1992), pp. 1–24.

  
8
See Strong,
Gloriana
, p. 147.

  
9
Harington,
Nugae Antiquae
, II, pp. 140–1.

10
See N. Salomon, ‘Positioning Women in Visual Convention: the case of Elizabeth I’, in B. S. Travitsky and A. F. Seeff, eds,
Attending to Women in Early Modern England
(London, 1994), pp. 64–95; see also R. Strong,
The Cult of Elizabeth: Elizabethan Portraiture and Pageantry
(London, 1977).

11
BL Add. MS 12506, fols 47, 73; BL Add. MS 12507, fol. 131.

12
Graves,
Brief Memoir
, p. 14.

13
BL Royal, Appendix 68.

14
CP 37/105 in
HMC Salisbury
, VII, pp. 41–2.

15
LPL MS 3198, fol. 552.

16
CP 37/105 in
HMC Salisbury
, VII, pp. 41–2.

17
The tomb was dated according to the old calendar. Parry died in 1590 according to the new calendar.

18
BL Lansdowne MS 62, no. 51, fol. 123.

19
BL Add. MS 70038/104/1r–2r.

20
BL Add. MS 70093; Will of Blanche Parry, BL Lansdowne MS 62, no. 51, fol. 123.

21
Tomb inscription in Bacton Church. See C. A. Bradford,
Blanche Parry. Queen Elizabeth’s Gentlewoman
(London, 1935).

22
Clapham,
Elizabeth of England
, p. 89.

23
BLO Ashmole MS 1402, II, fol. 4a.

24
Cornwallis described Mary as ‘brazen faced’. Rowland Vaughan,
Most Approved and Long Experienced Waterworkes
(1610); I. J. Atherton,
Ambition and failure in Stuart England: the career of John, first Viscount Scudamore
(Manchester, 1999), p. 28.

25
TNA SP 12/181, no 77, fol. 238.

26
CKS, U 1475/L2/4, item 3, m. 80.

27
Lives of Lady Anne Clifford and of her Parents
, ed. J. P. Gilson (London, 1916), pp. 24–5.

28
TNA SP 46/125, fol. 236. Also BL Add. MS 27401, fol. 21; BL Add. MS 12406, fols 41, 80; BL Lansdowne MS 128, fol. 12; CP 21/33 in
HMC Salisbury
, IV, p. 199; CP 29/87 in
HMC Salisbury
, V, 53; CP 36/46 in
HMC Salisbury
, V, p. 481; CP 45/16 in
HMC Salisbury
, VI, p. 402; CP 58/108 in
HMC Salisbury
, IX, p. 21; CP 78/14 in
HMC Salisbury
, X, p. 86.

29
Nichols (ed.),
Progresses of Queen Elizabeth
, III, p. 394.

30
TNA SP 12/271, no. 106, fol. 171–v.

31
The Private Diary of Dr John Dee
, ed. J. O. Halliwell (London, 1842), p. 7. For more on Tomasina see John Southworth,
Fools and Jesters at the English Court
(Stroud, 1998) and Janet Arnold,
Queen Elizabeth’s Wardrobe Unlock’d
, pp. 107–8, 146–7, 187, 214, 223.

Chapter 47: Abused Her Body

  
1
The Letters and Despatches of Richard Verstegan
, ed. Petti, pp. 57–60; BL, Lansdowne MS 72, fol. 48.

  
2
The letter is undated but is endorsed 1592 by its recipient, Father Persons; it is printed in
Letters and Despatches of Richard Verstegan
, pp. 97–98.

  
3
In John Hungerford Pollen,
Acts of English Martyrs, Hitherto Unpublished
(London, 1891), pp. 118–20.

  
4
George Puttenham,
The Arte of English Poesie
, eds G. D. Willcock and Alice Walker (Cambridge, 1936). See also Rosemary Kegl, ‘Those Terrible Approaches: Sexuality, Social Mobility and Resisting the Courtliness of Puttenham’s
The Arte of English Poesie
’,
English Literary Renaissance
20 (1990), pp. 179–208.

  
5
The accounts of this phenomenon occur in the diary of the French ambassador, André Hurault, Sieur de Maisse,
A Journal of All that was Accomplished by Monsieur de Maisse
, pp. 25, 36–7. Paul Hentzner’s description of the Queen in 1598 also refers to her exposed bosom, specifically associating it with virginity: ‘her bosom was uncovered, as all the English ladies have it till they marry’.
Paul Hentzner’s Travels in England
, p. 34.

  
6
Edmund Spenser,
The Faerie Queene
, in
Spenser: Poetical Works
, ed. J. C. Smith and E. De Selincourt (Oxford, 1970).

  
7
See Hannah Betts, ‘“The Image of this Queene so quaynt”: The Pornographic Blazon 1588–1603’ in Julia M. Walker (ed.),
Dissing Elizabeth
, p. 161.

  
8
Scillaes Metamorphosis, in
The Complete Works of Thomas Lodge
, ed. Edmund W. Goose, 4 vols (1883, New York), I, p. 33.