The Real Cost of Fracking (32 page)

2
. General Assembly of Pennsylvania, House Bill 1950, Session of 2011, Report of the Committee of Conference,
www.ctbpls.com/www/PA/11R/PDF/PA11RHB01950CC1.pdf
.

3
. State Review of Oil and Natural Gas Envronmental Regulations, Inc. (STRONGER),
Follow-Up State Review
, September 2013,
http://strongerinc.org/sites/all/themes/stronger02/downloads/Final%20Report%20of%20Pennsylvania%20State%20Review%20Approved%20for%20Publication.pdf
.

4
. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, “Natural Gas Development Activities and High-Volume Hydraulic Fracturing,” revised draft, Supplemental Generic Environmental Impact Statement, 2011,
www.dec.ny.gov/docs/materials_minerals_pdf/rdsgeisch50911.pdf
.

5
. New York State, Environmental Conservation Law, section 23-0901, “Compulsory Integration and Unitization in Oil and Natural Gas Pools and Fields,” 2005,
http://law.onecle.com/new-york/environmental-conservation/ENV023-0901_23-0901.html
.

6
. In 2008, Thomas S. West was the founder and managing partner of the West Firm.

7
. New York State Senate, “Compulsory Integration Legislation,” 2005,
http://catskillcitizens.org/learnmore/CIO5.pdf
.

8
. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, “Oil and Gas,” webpage, accessed December 15, 2013,
www.dec.ny.gov/energy/205.html
. DEC’s Division of Mineral Resources administers regulations and a permitting program to mitigate to the greatest extent possible any potential environmental impact of drilling and well operation. See “Regulated Well Types” on the right of the aforementioned web page, to get more details on which wells require permits, “Well Permitting Process” for instructions on how to apply for a permit, and “Forms” for all the required paperwork. In addition, the division protects the correlative rights of mineral owners and ensures that oil and gas reserves are developed such that a greater ultimate recovery can be achieved. This is accomplished through well spacing and compulsory integration.

9
. State of Pennsylvania, “Oil and Gas Conservation Law, Act 1961-359, Laws of Pennsylvania, No. 1961-359, Unofficial Version,” 1961,
http://files.dep.state.pa.us/OilGas/BOGM/BOGMPortalFiles/LawsRegsGuidelines/Act359uc.pdf
.

10
. The “Onondaga horizon” is the top of the geological layer made of hard limestones and dolostones called the “Onondaga formation.” For the most part, it lies below the Marcellus shale and outcrops to the surface in a line roughly running from Detroit, above Lake Erie, through Buffalo and Syracuse to Albany, New York.

11
. Pennsylvania General Assembly, 2013 Act 66, “Oil and Gas Lease Act: Payment Information to Interest Owners for Accumulation of Proceeds from Production, Apportionment and Conflicts,” July 9, 2013,
www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/li/uconsCheck.cfm?yr=2013&sessInd=0&act=66
.

12
. The Pennsylvania Code, “Chapter 137b. Preferential Assessment of Farmland and Forest Land Under the Clean and Green Act,” accessed December 15, 2013,
www.pacode.com/secure/data/007/chapter137b/chap137btoc.html
.

13
. Argonne National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division, “Drilling Waste Management Information System, Fact Sheet: Land Application,” accessed December 15, 2013,
http://web.ead.anl.gov/dwm/techdesc/land/index.cfm
; M.B. Adams, “Land Application of Hydrofracturing Fluids Damages a Deciduous Forest Stand in West Virginia,”
Journal of Environmental Quality
40 (2011): 1340–44.

14
. EPA, “Radioactive Wastes from Oil and Gas Drilling,” last updated August 14, 2012,
www.epa.gov/radtown/drilling-waste.html
.

15
. Radio New Zealand News, “Fonterra to Stop Taking Milk from Farms with Oil and Gas Waste,” June 19, 2013,
www.radionz.co.nz/news/rural/138025/fonterra-to-stop-taking-milk-from-farms-with-oil-and-gas-waste
.

16
. R. Udall, “The Shale Phenomenon: Fabulous Miracle with a Fatal Flaw,”
Christian Science Monitor
, February 22, 2013,
www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Energy-Voices/2013/0222/The-shale-phenomenon-fabulous-miracle-with-a-fatal-flaw
.

17
. Lundberg Family Farms. “Understanding Arsenic in Food,” 2013,
www.lundberg.com/info/Arsenic.aspx
.

18
. D. Hvinden, “So Why Are All These Gas Flares Burning in the Oil Fields?”
North Dakota Department of Mineral Resources Newsletter
36 (2009): 5–6.

19
. Earthworks Action, “Deborah Rogers,”
Earthworks
, accessed December 15, 2013,
www.earthworksaction.org/voices/detail/deborah_rogers
.

20
. M. Moss,
Salt Sugar Fat: How the Food Giants Hooked Us
(New York: Random House, 2013).

21
. Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality, Case AI No. 164544, 2010,
http://edms.deq.louisiana.gov/app/doc/querydef.aspx
.

22
. M. Bamberger and R. E. Oswald, “Impacts of Gas Drilling on Human and Animal Health,”
New Solutions
22 (2012): 51–77.

23
. Ibid.

24
. L. N. Vandenberg et al., “Hormones and Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Low-Dose Effects and Nonmonotonic Dose Responses,”
Endocrine Reviews
33, no. 3 (2012): 378–455.

25
. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, “Toxic Substances Portal: Strontium,” April 2004,
www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=654&tid=120
.

26
. EPA, “Radium,” last updated March 6, 2012,
www.epa.gov/radiation/radionuclides/radium.html
.

27
. Bamberger and Oswald, “Impacts of Gas Drilling.”

28
. US Department of Agriculture, “National Organic Program,” last modified January 31, 2011,
www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/ams.fetchTemplateData.do?template=TemplateF&leftNav=NationalOrganicProgram&page=NOPResourceCenterRegulations&description=NOP Regulations
.

29
. For PAH testing, see US Food and Drug Administration, “Protocol for Interpretation and Use of Sensory Testing and Analytical Chemistry Results for Re-opening Oil-Impacted Areas Closed to Seafood Harvesting Due to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill,” June 2010,
www.fda.gov/food/ucm217601.htm
. For DOSS testing, see R.A. Flurer et al., “Determination of Dioctylsulfosuccinate in Select Seafoods Using a QuEChERS Extraction with Liquid Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry,”
US Food and Drug Administration Laboratory Information Bulletin
, October 27, 2010,
www.fda.gov/downloads/ScienceResearch/FieldScience/UCM231510.pdf
.

30
. Ibid.

31
. A. Luch,
The Carcinogenic Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
(London: Imperial College Press, 2005).

32
. F.P. Perera et al., “Effect of Prenatal Exposure to Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Neurodevelopment in the First 3 Years of Life Among Inner-City Children,”
Environmental Health Perspectives
114 (2006): 1287–92; F.P. Perera et al., “Prenatal Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure and Child IQ at Age 5 Years,”
Pediatrics
124 (2009): e195–e202; S.C. Edwards et al., “Prenatal Exposure to Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Children’s Intelligence at 5 Years of Age in a Prospective Cohort Study in Poland,”
Environmental Health Perspectives
118 (2010): 1326–31; F.P. Perera, W. Jedrychowski, V. Rauh, and R.M Whyatt, “Molecular Epidemiologic Research on the Effects of Environmental Pollutants on the Fetus,”
Environmental Health Perspectives
107, suppl. 3 (1999): 451–60; F. P. Perera et al., “Prenatal Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Exposure and Child Behavior at Age 6–7 Years,”
Environmental Health Perspectives
120 (2012): 921–26.

33
. EPA, “Draft Plan to Study the Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing on Drinking Water Resources,” February 7, 2011,
www2.epa.gov/hfstudy/draft-plan-study-potential-impacts-hydraulic-fracturing-drinking-water-resources-february-7
; Hayes,
Sampling and Analysis of Water Streams Associated with the Development of Marcellus Shale Gas
; US House of Representatives, Committee on Energy and Commerce, “Chemicals Used in Hydraulic Fracturing,” April 2011,
http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Hydraulic-Fracturing-Chemicals-2011-4-18.pdf
; T. Colborn, C. Kwiatkowski, K. Schultz, and M. Bachran, “Natural Gas Operations from a Public Health Perspective,”
International Journal of Human and Ecological Risk Assessment
17 (2011): 1039–56; The Endocrine Disruption Exchange (TEDX), “Health Effects Spreadsheet and Summary,”
http://endocrinedisruption.org/chemicals-in-natural-gas-operations/chemicals-and-health
.

34
. EPA, “Draft Plan”; Hayes,
Sampling and Analysis of Water Streams Associated with the Development of Marcellus Shale Gas.

35
. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, “Toxicological Profile for Radium,” 2011,
www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp.asp?id=791&tid=154
; S. Bonotto, “Radium Uptake by Marine Plants,” in
The Environmental Behaviour of Radium
, ed. IAEA (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 1990), 451–66; L.D. Hamilton, A.F. Meinhold, and J. Nagy, “Health Risk Assessment for Radium Discharged in Produced Waters,”
Produced Water, Environmental Science Research
46 (1992): 303–14; J. Justynand B. Havlik, “Radium Uptake by Freshwater Fish,” in
The Environmental Behaviour of Radium
, 529–43; S.L. Simon and S.A. Ibrahim, “Biological Uptake of Radium by Terrestrial Plants,” in
The Environmental Behaviour of Radium
, 545–99; A.P. Watson, E.L. Etnier, and L.M. McDowell-Boyer, “Radium-226 in Drinking Water and Terrestrial Food Chains: Transfer Parameters and Normal Exposure and Dose,”
Nuclear Safety
25 (1984): 815–29; A.O. Bettencourt, M.M.G.R. Teixeira, M.D.T. Elias, and M.C. Faisca, “Soil to Plant Transfer of Radium-226,”
Journal of Environmental Radioactivity
6 (1988): 49–60.

36
. N.R. Warner, C.A. Christie, R.B. Jackson, and A. Vengosh, “Impacts of Shale Gas Wastewater Disposal on Water Quality in Western Pennsylvania,”
Environonmental Science and Technology
47 (2013): 11849–57.

37
. Ibid.

38
. Technologicaly Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (TENORM), “U.S. Guidance,” last updated December 13, 2013,
www.tenorm.com/regs2.htm
.

39
. W.D. Hueston, “BSE and Variant CJD: Emerging Science, Public Pressure and the Vagaries of Policy-Making,”
Preventive Veterinary Medicine
109 (2013): 179–84.

40
. G. Burke, “Colorado’s Fracking Woes Show Fight Brewing in Oklahoma, Texas and Other Drought-Ridden Areas,”
Huffington Post
, June 16, 2013,
www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/16/colorado-fracking_n_3450170.html
.

41
. M. Freyman and R. Salmon, “Hydraulic Fracturing & Water Stress: Growing Competitive Pressures for Water,” 2013,
www.ceres.org/resources/reports/hydraulic-fracturing-water-stress-growing-competitive-pressures-for-water/view
.

1
. PA Canyon,
http://pacanyon.com/
.

2
. Leases typically expire in five years, but automatically renew for another five, unless the owner has a special clause inserted.

3
. Justin Fleming, “Cattle from Tioga County Farm Quarantined After Coming in Contact with Natural Gas Drilling Wastewater,” Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Newsroom page, July 1, 2010,
www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/newsroom/14287?id=12588&typeid=1
.

4
. Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD), home page, accessed December 15, 2013,
www.farad.org/
.

5
. Fleming, “Cattle from Tioga County Farm.”

6
. US Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy and National Energy Technology Laboratory,
Modern Shale Gas Development in the United States: A Primer
(Oklahoma City: US Department of Energy and National Energy Technology Laboratory, April 2009),
www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/oil-gas/publications/EPreports/Shale_Gas_Primer_2009.pdf
.

7
. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, “Laws, Regulations and Guidelines,” 2013,
www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/laws,_regulations___guidelines/20306
.

8
. Fleming, “Cattle from Tioga County Farm.”

9
. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, “Toxic Substances Portal: Strontium,” April 2004,
www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=654&tid=120
.

10
. H.F. Mayland, G.E. Shewmaker, and R.C. Bull, “Soil Ingestion by Cattle Grazing Crested Wheatgrass,”
Journal of Range Management
30 (1977): 264–65; A.L. Pope et al., “The Effect of Sulphur on 75Se Absorption and Retention in Sheep,”
Journal of Nutrition
109 (1979): 1448–55; J.W. Spears, “Trace Mineral Bioavailability in Ruminants,”
Journal of Nutrition
133 (2003): 1506S–1509S; H.F. Hintz and D.E. Hogue, “Effect of Selenium, Sulfur and Sulfur Amino Acids on Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy in the Lamb,”
Journal of Nutrition
82 (1964): 495–98; G.G. Fries, G.S. Marrow, and P.A. Snow, “Soil Ingestion by Dairy Cattle,”
Journal of Dairy Science
65 (1982): 611–18; J. Ivancic Jr. and W.P. Weiss, “Effect of Dietary Sulfur and Selenium Concentrations on Selenium Balance of Lactating Holstein Cows,”
Journal of Dairy Science
84 (2001): 225–32.

11
. L.J. Hutchinson, R.W. Scholz, and T.R. Drake, “Nutritional Myodegeneration in a Group of Chianina Heifers,”
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
181 (1982): 581–84; J.P. Orr and B.R. Blakley, “Investigation of the Selenium Status of Aborted Calves with Cardiac Failure and Mycardial Necrosis,”
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation
9 (1997): 172–79.