The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks (63 page)

Conyers, John, Jr., 180–187, 218–219, 221, 285n85; and 1967 Detroit riot, 194, 195, 197; employment of Parks, vii, xiii, 143, 164, 167, 169, 170–171, 177, 182–187, 286n117; and initial campaign for Congress, 164, 180–182; on Parks’s political sensibility, 205–207, 264n165; and Parks’s shared political commitments, 220, 230, 231, 238, 239, 281n258; and Parks’s work in office, 182–187, 203, 211, 214, 225, 226, 229

Cooper, Carl, 198, 199

Crenshaw, Doris, 32, 33, 46, 64

Crockett, George, 180, 187, 195, 224

Cruse, Anne, 148, 169, 178

Current, Gloster, 145, 146, 153, 155, 156–157, 280n213

desegregation, xiii, 154, 170; of housing, 182; integration, 38, 40, 70, 113, 133, 139, 159, 168, 204, 227; of schools, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 42, 45, 115, 119, 131, 136, 193; of transportation, 67, 98, 106, 112, 134, 135, 137

Detroit and racial inequality, xii-xiii, 151, 156, 165–168, 191–200, 223–225, 230–235

Detroit Free Press
, 185, 233, 236

Detroit’s Great March, 174–180

Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, 44–45, 52, 54–55, 81, 82

Dickerson, Mahalia, 30

“Don’t Buy Where You Can’t Work” campaign, 44, 97

Durr, Clifford, 72, 109, 122; and Virginia, 35–36, 44, 75, 76, 99

Durr, Virginia, 25, 36, 37, 39, 43, 53, 54, 71, 87, 91, 103, 107, 145, 148, 188, 219, 257n120, 263n116, 266n35, 279n182; and financial assistance for Parks, 119, 120, 121, 124, 126, 128, 131, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 142, 150, 154, 155, 229, 273n9, 274n17; and redbaiting, 35, 77, 119–120; and work on Colvin case, 56–58

Eastland, James, 35, 77, 107

Ebony
, 174, 237, 239, 288n183

education, 2, 4–5, 8, 10, 13, 16, 20, 26, 147, 152, 167, 186, 222, 228, 234; and discrimination, 33–35, 47, 137, 168, 174, 191, 243, 244

Edwards, Sylvester, 3

Federal Bureau of Investigation, 94, 108, 111, 137, 159, 189, 214, 221, 224, 225, 226, 270n151

Fields, Uriah, 122, 139

Fisk University, 96, 103

Franklin, C. L., 174, 177, 180, 223, 224

Freedom Now Party, 177, 178, 182, 190, 209, 210

freedom rides, 18, 214

Freedom Train, 29, 41, 68, 201

Friends of SNCC (FOS), 189–191

Garvey, Marcus (Garveyism), xiii, 3–4, 211, 218

Gary Convention.
See
National Black Political Convention

Gayle, Tacky (mayor of Montgomery), 52, 106, 107, 108, 114, 132, 133, 141

Gilmore, Georgia, 87, 91, 102

Giovanni, Nikki, 43, 68, 123, 126, 223

Graetz, Jean and Robert, 246, 131, 138, 135; Jean, 123, 138; Robert, 23, 65, 86, 91, 92, 93, 94–95, 99, 104, 108, 109–110, 112, 122, 123, 132, 135, 137

grassroots movement, 15, 16, 25, 26, 28, 36, 83, 119, 164, 171, 180, 181, 197, 203, 209, 227, 241

Gray, Fred, 34, 45, 54, 57, 61, 80, 82, 90, 94, 97, 109, 112, 114, 124, 135, 137, 237; as lawyer for Parks, 77, 88–89, 108–109

Great Depression, 10

Group on Advanced Leadership (GOAL), 178, 209–210

Hamer, Fannie Lou, 116, 179, 212, 237

Harlem, 21, 25, 44, 128, 177, 193, 209, 212, 236

Haskins, James, xi, 1, 23, 93, 124, 139, 171, 205, 238, 250n12, 261n75

Height, Dorothy, 161, 162, 232, 239

Henry, Milton and Richard, 178, 192, 197, 211, 223; Milton (Gaidi Obadele), 175, 180, 182, 210, 225; Richard (Imari Obadele), 177, 221, 225

Highlander Folk School, xi, xiii, 91, 93, 94, 100, 127, 128, 129, 139, 211, 212, 234; and financial assistance for Parks, 120, 121, 131, 136, 137, 139, 140; Parks’s first visit to (August 1955), 29, 35–43, 58, 71; red-baited, 24, 146, 147, 148, 155, 158, 184, 187, 188, 201; twenty-fifth-anniversary celebration (1957), 146–148; visit with the Graetzes (August 1956), 131–132; visit with Parks’s mother (December 1956), 136–137; workshop on sit-ins (May 1960), 153–154

Hill, Charles, 177, 178

Holt Street Baptist Church, 71, 91, 93, 228, 236

Horne, Lena, 162

Horton, Myles, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 67, 71, 78, 85, 86, 93, 94, 127, 131, 188, 237; and assistance for Parks, 120, 121, 127, 131, 133, 136, 137, 139–140, 163, 188, 229; and red-baiting, 129, 147, 158, 185, 188, 279n171

Huggins, Erika, 217, 228–229

Hurricane Katrina, vii, x, 241

inequality, 144, 169, 173, 174, 175, 178, 232; economic, 5, 22, 192, 216, 238; racial, xiii, 20, 166–167, 169, 171–177, 179, 200, 213

In Friendship, 25, 118, 128

integration.
See
desegregation

International Legal Defense (ILD), 14–15

Jackson, Esther Cooper, 16, 24, 240

Jackson, Jesse, 230, 232

Jenkins, Esau, 39, 41, 71

Jet
, 43, 82, 102, 154

Jim Crow laws, 66, 72; in the North, xiii, 165–174; in the South, viii, xiv, 1, 50, 63, 83.
See also
segregation

Johns, Vernon, 45, 50, 51, 54–55, 68

Johnson, Arthur, 157, 172, 176

Johnson, Geneva, 48–49

Keith, Damon, vii, 231, 241, 245

Kennedy, John F., 20, 159, 160, 162, 209, 231

King, Coretta Scott, 87, 102, 107, 123, 162, 163, 188, 216, 217, 219, 221, 238, 239

King, Martin Luther, Jr., ix, x, xv, 39, 83, 87, 89, 94, 95, 102, 113, 122, 123, 124, 128, 131, 170, 186, 201, 205, 236, 244; and aftermath of Montgomery bus boycott, 134–135, 137–143, 149; assassination of, 213, 215–219, 230; commemoration of, 228, 238, 242; criticism of, 202; and divisions among civil rights leadership, 118–119, 137–139, 140, 142, 150, 168; leadership of Montgomery bus boycott, xi, 54–56, 66, 71, 73, 78, 79, 81–82, 86, 90–92, 97–98, 99, 104–105, 107, 108, 110, 111, 121, 136, 150, 151; and March on Washington, 159–162; and northern activism, 174–175, 181, 199–200; and northern white resistance to, 196, 199–200, 202; and Parks before the boycott, 55–56; and personal experience with bus segregation, 49–50; redbaiting of, 146–148, 184–185, 187; and Selma-to-Montgomery march, 188;
Stride Toward Freedom
, 71, 78

King, Rosalyn Oliver, 46–47, 80

King Solomon Baptist Church, 209

Ku Klux Klan, 3, 6, 9, 29, 65, 124, 147, 188, 189

Lewis, John, 160, 239

Lewis, Rufus, 24, 54, 90, 100

Liuzzo, Viola, 188–189

Lowndes County Freedom Organization, 190

Lucy, Autherine, 110, 114–115, 125, 128, 129, 130, 146

Lumumba, Chokwe, 205, 207, 225, 227–228

lynching, 7, 15, 20, 23, 43, 45, 54, 93, 142; and anti-lynching legislation, 27, 33

Madison, Arthur, 21

Madison, Joseph, 231

Malcolm X, ix, xiii, 7, 160, 178, 180, 185, 191, 201, 205, 207, 208, 222; meets Parks, 209–212

March on Washington, 159–163, 185, 211, 216

Marshall, Thurgood, 48, 128, 211

Matthews, Robert, 24, 26, 30

Maxwell Air Force Base, 16, 48, 50, 101, 113, 116, 124

McCauley, James, 2–3

McCauley, Leona, vii, xii, 13, 14, 17, 20, 21, 23, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37, 51, 56, 64, 65, 72, 80, 102, 107, 128; background and Parks’s childhood, 1–10, 250n10; and Parks’s arrest, 74–77; and difficulties during the boycott, 101–102, 119, 121, 124, 125, 131, 134, 140; and difficulties in Detroit, 149–150, 154, 159, 222, 286n119, 291n102; and visit to Highlander, 136, 137; death of, 229

McWhorter, Diane, 138, 159

Metropolitan African Methodist Episcopal Church, viii, ix

Michigan Chronicle
, 151, 175, 176, 199, 220, 223

middle class, 16, 26, 30, 51, 52, 54, 72, 73, 77, 79, 99, 156, 172, 176, 295n59

Million Man March, 232

Miss White’s Montgomery Industrial School for Girls, xii, 7, 8, 9, 10, 17

Montgomery Advertiser
, 27, 31, 41, 82, 83, 87, 94, 95, 96, 98, 100, 106, 108, 111, 113, 125, 166

Montgomery Fair, 37, 42–43, 60, 61, 65, 100, 102, 108, 116, 118, 139

Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), 102, 113, 115, 118, 119, 127, 137–138, 140; and organization of boycott, 92, 94–98, 99, 100, 112; origins of, 90–91; treatment of Parks, 104, 105, 107, 121–122, 132, 136–145, 148–149, 152, 153, 157, 159, 273n9

Montgomery Progressive Democratic Association, 44

Moore, Audley (Queen Mother Moore), ix, 212, 221, 223, 232

Morgan, Juliette, 125–126

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, (NAACP), xi, xiii, 7, 8, 14, , 70, 112, 118, 122, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 140, 145, 146, 149, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 159, 160, 161, 164, 177, 211, 224; Detroit branch, 152, 172, 174, 175–176, 193, 203, 231, 280n205; Detroit youth chapter, 190; Monroe chapter, 213–214; Montgomery branch and Parks’s work with, 17–35, 37, 41, 44, 51, 55, 60–61, 64, 66, 67, 69, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 85, 234, 249n10, 255n50, 257n117, 258n161, 268n84; and Montgomery bus boycott, 85, 108–109, 118–119, 126–131, 137–138; Nixon election and activist reorientation of Montgomery branch, 24–30; Parks joins, 17–18; Raymond Parks and, 15–17; redbaiting of 39, 83–84, 96, 114; River Rouge (MI) branch, 155–156, 165; Youth Council (Montgomery), 29–30, 32–33, 36, 37, 41, 43, 45, 56, 58–59, 64, 69, 85, 86–87, 88, 89, 93, 212

National Black Political Convention (Gary Convention), 221

National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in American (N’COBRA), 231–232

National Council of Negro Women, 130, 131, 161

National Negro Labor Council, 127, 145, 201

National Urban League, 160

New York Times
, viii, 94, 110, 112, 114, 216, 233, 249n7

Niebuhr, Reinhold, 39, 158

Nixon, E. D, 17–20, 21, 23, 36, 43, 46, 48, 49, 122, 123, 125, 128, 134–135, 188, 206, 213, 221; election as NAACP branch president and activist reorientation of Montgomery branch, 24–30; and activism pre-boycott, 34–35, 44, 45; and Montgomery bus boycott, xiii, 44, 49, 52–53, 58, 57, 59, 66, 67, 88, 89, 90, 91–92, 99, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 266n29, 277n111; and Parks’s bus arrest, 72–77; organizes for initial boycott, 79–83; and voter registration plan and frustration with MIA, 135–144, 149, 150; and Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 19–20, 165, 201

nonviolent resistance, ix, 99, 100, 119, 131, 136, 164, 169, 170, 202, 208–209, 212, 213, 242

Noonan, Martha Norman, 179, 189, 199, 241

northern migration.
See
black migration

Parks, Rosa; and anti-apartheid movement, 229–230; and anti–Vietnam War movement, 218–219; and Black Power movement, 202–215, 217, 219–229; boycott leadership’s neglect of Parks, 104, 139, 141–144; bus stand (December 1, 1955), 60–77; commitment to African American history, viii, xv, 4, 5, 234, 174, 203, 207, 220, 222, 223, 234, 237, 240; and criminal justice, 22–24, 27–28, 30–32, 197–199, 224–228; and early activism, vii, xi, xiii, xi 14, 17, 18, 20–46, 69, 102, 108, 136, 157, 249n10; early life of, 1–16; death of, vii, 241; financial struggles of, xii, 5, 10, 37, 76, 77, 84, 116–122, 124, 130, 131, 137, 138, 139, 141, 149, 150–159, 163–164, 168–169, 229; funeral of, vii-x, 241; health issues of, xii, 5, 10, 116, 117, 124, 130, 140, 141, 152, 156, 157, 222, 229, 235; and John Conyers, vii, 143, 164, 180–187; and life in the North, 150–153, 157–158, 165–187, 191–200; meets Malcolm X, 209–212; radicalism of, xiii, 24, 41, 51, 201–207, 229; relationship with King, 55–56, 71, 78, 83, 90–91, 110, 121, 128, 138–139, 142–144, 146, 150, 153, 181, 188, 199–201, 207, 208, 213, 215–217; and Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development, 234–235; and self-defense, 7, 12, 99, 201, 203, 208, 221, 213; as a symbol, x, xv, 83, 92, 93, 94, 104, 117, 121, 139, 164, 203, 233, 235–238, 242–244

Parks, Raymond, viii, xii, xiii, xiv, 8, 13, 20, 28, 31, 32, 37, 43, 50, 62, 72, 88, 99, 108, 127, 132, 137, 139, 159, 178, 188, 199, 215, 222, 266n29; and activism, 12, 13–17, 20, 22, 24, 51, 123, 124, 145, 211, 234, 270n151; and barbering in Detroit, 151, 158, 191, 195; criticism of, 76, 77, 122–123, 266n35; death of, 229; and decision to leave Montgomery, 148–152; and difficulties in Detroit, 152, 154, 156, 157; forced to resign his job and difficulties in Montgomery, 101–102, 116, 119, 123–124, 131, 137, 140, 141, 142; and initial fear about Parks’s arrest, 74–77; and NAACP, 15–16; and self-defense, 14, 15, 126, 208; support of Parks’s work, 122–123, 124, 218; testimony of, 113–114

Patterson, John, 114, 115

Patton, Gwen, 16, 221

Patton, W. C., 30, 119

People’s Tribunal (after 1967 Detroit uprising), 197–199

Perkins, Gertrude, 28, 93

Pierce, J. E., 45, 51, 56, 73, 79, 132

Pine Level, Alabama, 2, 3, 5, 124

Pittsburgh Courier
, 23, 128, 138, 141, 143, 147, 155, 220

Plessy v. Ferguson
, 132

police harassment, xiii, 14, 15, 16, 28, 31, 48, 49, 54, 55, 57, 64, 65, 148; of Montgomery bus boycott, 89, 96, 97, 100, 105, 110, 111, 132; in Detroit, 167, 170, 176, 177, 178, 187, 192–193, 194–195, 197, 198, 199; of civil rights and Black Power activists, 207, 217, 223, 224, 225, 227, 228

Powell, Adam Clayton, 24, 44, 128, 180

Progressive Civic League (PCL), 151, 152, 154, 280n219

Queen Mother Moore.
See
Moore, Audley

racism, ix, x, xi, 39, 50, 69, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 175, 188, 201, 203, 217, 219, 233, 243

Randolph, Phillip A., 19, 128, 138, 141, 159, 160, 161, 162, 211

Reese, Jeanetta, 109, 114

Reeves, Jeremiah, 31–32, 44, 53, 93

“Remember, Uncle Tom says: ‘Only you can prevent ghetto fires’” (Ron Cobb poster), 184

Republic of New Afrika (RNA), 214, 223–225, 227

Resurrection City, 216–217

Reuther, Walter, 165, 180, 181, 282n4

Richardson, Gloria, 161, 162, 209

riots, 182, 184, 192; Detroit riots, 170, 193–200

Robinson, Jo Ann, 45, 54, 63, 83, 85, 87, 97, 99, 105, 110, 119, 123, 125, 126, 133–134, 137, 141, 263n120, 273n10, 278n145; experience on the bus, 47, 50; and Women’s Political Council’s role in starting Montgomery bus boycott, 52, 54, 57, 59–60, 74, 80–81, 83, 90

Roosevelt, Eleanor, 128, 129, 145, 211, 277n111

Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development, xiv, 234–235

Rosa Parks Boulevard (12th Street, renamed as), 199

Rustin, Bayard, 99, 109, 118, 141, 159–161

segregation, 11, 33, 35, 38, 68, 111, 114, 132, 141, 142, 144, 153, 159, 190, 218; in employment, 173–174; in housing, 32, 172, 176; in the North 165–175, 197, 202, 210, 232, 233, 235, 241, 242, 288n183; Parks’s thoughts on, 70, 79, 88, 131–132, 154; residential, 113, 151, 165–166, 173; rethinking concept of “de facto,” 168; in schools, 36, 170, 174, 181; in transportation, 46, 47, 49, 51–69, 75, 76, 77, 82, 84, 97, 99, 106, 109, 112, 116, 118, 119, 123, 133, 177; white defense of, 96, 98, 108, 110, 125