The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust (70 page)

63
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 4210.

64
Dr Jerzy Krupinski (
né
Szwarcwald) and Aniela Pauline Krupinska (
née
Gaslaw), letter of 27 April 1988, from Australia, to Mordecai Paldiel, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 4596.

1
Janina Fischler-Martinho,
Have You Seen My Little Sister?
, pages 224–25.

2
Rachel Garfunkel, letter to the author, 14 November 2001.

3
Testimonies of Shachne Hiller (Stanley Berger) and Anne Wolozin, September 1977–October 1981, Yaffa Eliach,
Hasidic Tales of the Holocaust
, pages 142–47. The story of Shachne Hiller was published as a news item, ‘Pope and Jewish Child’, by Joseph Finklestone,
Jewish Chronicle
, 28 May 1982.

4
Yaffa Eliach,
Hasidic Tales of the Holocaust
, pages 142–47.

5
Ilana Feldblum (Alicija-Irena Taubenfeld), letter to the author, 27 May 2001.

6
Sharon Jaffa, ‘Saved by the Kindness of Others’,
London Jewish News
, 8 June 2001.

7
Janek Weber, letter to the author, 24 September 2001.

8
Janek Weber, letter to the author, 28 October 2001.

9
Janek Weber, letter to the author, 24 September 2001.

10
‘Data on Rescue Story’, submitted to Yad Vashem, 22 June 1999 (copy sent to the author by Anna Zellner, 5 July 2001).

11
Marcel Jarvin, letter to the author, 31 October 2001.

12
‘This is the story of Sally Wiener during the Tragic Years of World War II’, manuscript enclosed with a letter from Henry Wiener to the author, 13 June 2001.

13
Suzan E. Hagstrom,
Sara’s Children
, page 77.

14
Rose Kfar, ‘Reuniting with My Family (1945–1948)’,
Hidden Child
newsletter, Summer 2001.

15
Report of 7 October 1943, Cracow, in Wladyslaw Bartoszewski and Zofia Lewin,
Righteous Among Nations
, page 602.

16
Wladyslaw Bartoszewski and Zofia Lewin,
Righteous Among Nations,
page 603.

17
Simon Wiesenthal Centre, ‘Children of the Holocaust’ website, www.graceproducts.com.

18
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 2696.

19
Documentaries International, Washington DC, video documentary,
The Other Side of Faith
, 1991.

20
Maria Klein, testimony recorded on 15 February 1986, in Ewa Kurek,
Your Life Is Worth Mine: How Polish Nuns Saved Hundreds of Jewish Children in German-Occupied Poland, 1939–1945
, pages 188–90.

21
The newspaper was
Tygodnik Powszechny
, quoted in Kazimierz Iranek-Osmecki,
He Who Saves One Life
, page 284.

22
Testimony of Yosef Buzhminsky, Eichmann trial, 2 May 1961, session 24.

23
Yehuda Bauer,
The Holocaust in Historical Perspective
, pages 92–93.

1
‘Righteous Among the Nations—per Country & Ethnic Origin,’ 1 January 2002, Yad Vashem Department for the Righteous Among the Nations (list sent to the author on 29 January 2002). The exact German figure, by 1 January 2002, was 358.

2
Denis Staunton, ‘In Defiance of Fascism’ (obituary),
Guardian
, 18 November 1997. Countess von Maltzan later married Hans Hirschel, the man whom she had saved. A film of her wartime adventures was made in 1985:
The Forbidden
, directed by Anthony Page.

3
Gottfried Paasche, interview in
Maclean’s
magazine (Toronto), 28 February 2000.

4
Gottfried Paasche, letter to the author, 4 March 2002.

5
Jonathan Curiel, ‘Maria Paasche, Daughter of German General Who Helped Jews Escape Nazis’ (obituary),
San Francisco Chronicle
, 5 February 2000.

6
Henry Walter Brann, ‘Pastor Who Rescued Jews Is Honoured’,
Jewish Week
, Washington DC, 20 August 1970.

7
Testimony of Heinrich Grüber, Eichmann trial, Jerusalem, 16 May 1961, session 41.

8
Testimony of Heinrich Grüber, Eichmann trial, Jerusalem, 16 May 1961, session 41.

9
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 75.

10
H. D. Leuner,
When Compassion Was a Crime
, page 10; Zvi Bacharach, ‘Lichtenberg, Bernhard (1875–1943)’,
Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
, volume 3, page 868.

11
Ger van Roon,
Widerstand im Dritten Reich: Ein Überblick
(Munich, 1980), cited by Egon Larsen, ‘Resistance in Nazi Germany’.

12
Masha Leon,
Forward
, 14 July 2000, reviewing the documentary film
Treason or Honour
by Sy Rotter (president of the Documentary Film and Video Foundation), interviews with Jewish survivors and their German rescuers.

13
Stephen Nicholls,
From Fortune to Misfortune
, page 14.

14
Barbara Sofer, ‘An Angel Named Maria’,
Jerusalem Post
, 2 February 2001.

15
Louis P. Lochner (editor),
The Goebbels Diaries
, page 209.

16
Elizabeth Petuchowski, ‘Gertrud Luckner: Resistance and Assistance. A German Woman Who Defied Nazis and Aided Jews’, in
Ministers of Compassion During the Nazi Period
, Institute of Judaeo-Christian Studies, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, 1999.

17
Letter received in the Reich Chancellery on 25 March 1943, International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NG-1903.

18
Peter Schneider, ‘The Good Germans’,
New York Times Magazine
, 13 February 2000.

19
Inge Deutschkron, letter to Yad Vashem, 9 October 1969, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 671.

20
Lili Bat Aharon, ‘Forgotten Life-savers on German TV’,
Jerusalem Post
, 10 September 1973.

21
Testimony of Ruth Gumpel, 16 May 1988, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 5505.

22
Testimony of Bruno Gumpel, 30 November 1987, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 5505.

23
Conversation with Rudolf and Felicia Horstmeyer’s granddaughter, Nicky Gavron, 23 March 2002.

24
Evy (Goldstein) Woods, letter to the author, 16 August 2001.

25
‘Portrait of Evelyn Goldstein as a hidden child…’, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Photo Archive, Worksheet 05780.

26
Charles C. Milford, letter to the author, 29 July 2001. The historian Nathan Stoltzfus entitled his book on the Rosenstrasse protest
Resistance of the Heart
.

27
Margit A. Diamond, letter to the author, 2 May 2001.

28
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 671.

29
Martin Gilbert,
Holocaust Journey
, page 31, ‘Day 2: Berlin’.

30
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Photo Archive, Worksheet 05772.

31
‘Righteous Among the Nations—per Country & Ethnic Origin,’ 1 January 2002, Yad Vashem Department for the Righteous Among the Nations (list sent to the author on 29 January 2002).

32
Helena Horowitz, letter to the author, 26 January 2001.

33
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 9607. The award to Lambert Grutsch was made on 24 February 2002.

34
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 4962.

35
Dr Ella Lingens-Reiner, speech at the Israel President’s House, 6 May 1998, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 1730.

36
She was sent to Auschwitz Main Camp, also known as Auschwitz I, which had been set up in 1940 for Poles and other non-Jews, as a punishment camp of extreme hardship. Much later, she was to write a book about Auschwitz Main Camp: Ella Ringens-Reiner,
Prisoners of Fear
(London: Quill Press, 2000).

37
Details appear in Lorraine Justman-Wisnicki’s memoir, to be published shortly,
Quest for Life—Ave Pax
(extracts enclosed in a letter to the author, 14 August 2000). Her story is also told in Steve Schloss, ‘Reader Remembers: Holocaust Victim is Surprised as Rescuers are Honoured in Jerusalem’.

1
Mordecai Paldiel, ‘Helmrich, Eberhard’, in
Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
, volume 2, page 654.

2
Ruby Gonzales, ‘Recognition Sought for Man Who Defied Nazis’,
San Gabriel Valley Tribune
, 13 May 2001.

3
Testimonies of Major Plagge’s German employees, ‘Translation of Transcript of the Denazification File of Karl Plagge’, State Archive, Hesse. Provided to the author by Pearl Good.

4
Michael Good, letter to the author, 27 February 2001.

5
Mordecai Paldiel, ‘Schmid, Anton (1900–1942)’,
Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
, volume 4, page 1333.

6
Mania Salinger, manuscript, sent to the author 18 July 2000.

7
Yehudis Pshenitse, ‘Wanderings of a Child’, Pinkas Novy-Dvor (Nowy Dwor memorial book), quoted in Jack Kugelmass and Jonathan Boyarin (translators and editors),
From a Ruined Garden: The Memorial Books of Polish Jewry
, page 177.

8
I am grateful to Ben Helfgott for the story of Guterman and Wurl: Ben Helfgott, in conversation with the author, 11 January 2002.

9
Ernie Meyer, ‘German Officer—and Gentleman’,
Jerusalem Post
, 26 April 1982.

10
Saul Friedlander,
Counterfeit Nazi: The Ambiguity of Good
, pages 18–19 and 22.

11
Reuben Ainsztein,
Jewish Resistance in Nazi-Occupied Eastern Europe
, pages 535–36.

12
Letter dated 22 January 1995, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 6619.

13
Testimony of Mina Doron, 12 January 1995, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 6619.

14
Testimony of Shamai Kizelshtein, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 7307.

15
Reuben Ainsztein,
Jewish Resistance in Nazi-Occupied Eastern Europe
, pages 898–99.

16
Ya’akov Friedler, ‘Nazi Spirit Not Dead in Germany, Rescuer of Polish Jews Says’,
Jerusalem Post
, 21 October 1969.

17
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 925.

18
Letter to Yad Vashem, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 925.

19
Jacob Presser,
Ashes in the Wind
, pages 298–9.

20
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 4997.

21
Mordecai Paldiel,
Saving the Jews
, pages 119–25.

22
Mordecai Paldiel,
Saving the Jews
, pages 126–32.

23
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 2687.

24
Letter of 29 December 1958, quoted in Shmuel Spector,
The Holocaust of Volhynian Jews, 1941–1944
, page 185.

25
Shmuel Spector,
The Holocaust of Volhynian Jews, 1941–1944
, pages 254–55.

26
Shmuel Spector, ‘Graebe, Hermann Friedrich (1900–1986)’,
Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
, volume 2, pages 599–600.

27
Douglas K. Huneke,
The Moses of Rovno
, page xvii.

28
Lili Bat Aharon, ‘Forgotten Life-savers on German TV’,
Jerusalem Post
, 10 September 1973.