The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust (71 page)

29
‘Summary’ dated 25 November 1963, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 21.

30
Julius Madritsch,
Menschen in Not!
(‘People in distress!’), page 16.

31
Letter of 4 July 1963, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 23.

32
Julius Madritsch,
Menschen in Not!
(‘People in distress!), pages 20–22.

33
Letter of 4 July 1963, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 21.

34
Letter of 15 March 1963, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 21.

35
‘Julius Madritsch’, List, October 1944. The list names forty men and twenty women. Robin O’Neil, private archive.

36
Mordecai Paldiel, ‘Schindler, Oskar (1908–1974)’,
Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
, volume 4, pages 1331–32.

37
Abraham Zuckerman,
A Voice in the Chorus: Memoirs of a Teenager Saved by Schindler
, pages 80, 82.

38
Documents concerning Oskar Schindler, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 20.

39
Including, in addition to Thomas Keneally’s novel and Steven Spielberg’s film, Abraham Zuckerman’s
A Voice in the Chorus: Memoirs of a Teenager Saved by Schindler
, and Dr David Crowe’s
Oskar Schindler: A Life
.

40
Judge Moshe Bejski, in conversation with the author, 1985.

41
Oskar Schindler, ‘Report on activities and expenditures for the rescue of Jews during the years 1939 to 1945…’, Buenos Aires, 30 October 1955, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 20.

42
Information based upon the official bill of lading (Yad Vashem archives, file 0–1/164); provided by Dr J. Kermisz, Director of Archives, Yad Vashem, letter to the author, 19 October 1977.

43
Eulogy delivered on 28 October 1974, quoted in Moshe Bejski, ‘Oskar Schindler and Schindler’s List’.

44
Judge Moshe Bejski, letter to Steven Spielberg’s office, 27 September 1993, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 20. SS Obersturmführer is the SS equivalent of a first lieutenant in the American army (lieutenant in the British army).

45
Information provided by Judge Moshe Bejski, 1985.

46
Oskar Schindler, ‘Report on activities and expenditures for the rescue of Jews during the years 1939 to 1945…’, Buenos Aires, 30 October 1955, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 20.

47
Judge Moshe Bejski, letter to Steven Spielberg, 7 April 1994, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 20.

48
Oskar Schindler, ‘Report on activities and expenditures for the rescue of Jews during the years 1939 to 1945…’, Buenos Aires, 30 October 1955, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 20.

49
Ben Helfgott, in conversation with the author, 25 June 2000

50
Lili Pohlmann, recollections, sent to the author, 1995.

1
Frank Bright (Frantisek Brichta), letter to the author, 29 November 2000.

2
Henry Wilde, letter to the author, 23 June 2001.

3
Gay Block and Malka Drucker,
Rescuers: Portraits of Moral Courage in the Holocaust
, page 208.

4
Letter of 8 January 1993, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 5474.

5
‘Eger’, in Shmuel Spector (editor in chief),
The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust
, volume 1, A–J, page 355.

6
Uta Ginz, ‘Statement’, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 93.

7
Suse Lotte Tieze, testimony of 17 April 1963, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 93.

8
Hana Greenfield, letter to the author, 14 February 2001. The stamp was issued on 1 February 1995.

9
David Korn, letter to the author, 21 August 2001.

10
Letter of 22 July 1991, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 721.

11
David Korn, letter to the author, 21 August 2001. Pastor Kuna’s story, about which David Korn submitted testimony, is in Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 721.

12
Jana Tanner, letter to the author, 27 July 2001.

13
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Photo Archive, Worksheet 89116.

14
The girls were taken to Nonantola (see chapter 15).

15
Information provided by Mordecai Paldiel, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Department, notes for the author, 25 April 2002; International Catholic—Jewish Historical Commission, ‘The Vatican and the Holocaust: A Preliminary Report’, October 2000, page 11.

16
‘Looking For…’,
Hidden Child
newsletter, volume 9, number 1, Spring 2000.

17
Ruth Gruber,
Haven: The Unknown Story of 1,000 World War II Refugees
, page 72.

18
Information provided by the Jewish Foundation for the Righteous, New York, on its website. In the year 2002, Risto Ristic, then in his seventies, living in the Serbian town of Zemun, was in receipt of financial help from the Foundation.

19
Yad Vashem News
(Jerusalem), June 1984, pages 11–12. On 29 January 1984 the State of Israel recognized Mustafa Hardaga and his wife as Righteous Among the Nations.

20
Batsheva Tsur, ‘Sarajevo Family Finds Refuge with Israelis They Saved in WWII’,
Jerusalem Post
, 13 February 1994.

21
Rudolph Chelminski, ‘A Debt Repaid’,
Reader’s Digest
, September 2000.

22
The author of the book was Maius Mircu. Additional details have been provided by Leonid Saharovici, letter to the author, 22 February 2002.

23
Testimony in Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 499, quoted in ‘The Mayor of Cernauti’, in Arieh L. Bauminger,
The Righteous
, pages 74–7.

24
International Catholic–Jewish Historical Commission, ‘The Vatican and the Holocaust: A Preliminary Report’, October 2000, page 10.

25
Information provided by Pearl Fichman, letter to the author, 19 March 2001.

26
Harvey Sarner,
Rescue in Albania
, frontispiece.

27
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Photo Archive, Worksheet 24722.

28
Irene Grunbaum,
Escape Through the Balkans: The Autobiography of Irene Grunbaum
, page 139.

29
Shmuel Spector (editor in chief),
The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust
, volume 1, pages 26–27.

30
Mordecai Paldiel, quoted in the magazine
Martyrdom and Resistance
, International Society for Yad Vashem, January–February 1999.

31
Information provided by Yitzchak Kerem, historian of the Jews of Greece, 16 July 1989: Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 4128.

32
Telegram from the Italian consul-general, Guelfo Zamboni, to the Italian diplomatic mission in Rome, 3 April 1943, Daniel Carpi,
Italian Diplomatic Documents on the History of the Holocaust in Greece (1941–1943)
, page 151.

33
Greek National Archives.

34
Dr Rachel Dalven, ‘The Holocaust in Janina’, in Solomon Gaon and M. Mitchell Serels (editors),
Sephardim and the Holocaust
, New York: Jacob E. Safra Institute of Sephardic Studies, Yeshiva University, 1987, page 62, n. 22.

35
Benek (Baruch) Sharoni, ‘Man’s Humanity to Man’,
Mizkor
, October 2000.

36
Richard Kay, ‘Revealed: Secret Heroism of Prince Philip’s Mother’,
Daily Mail
, 26 July 1993.

37
Jacques Cohen was to become a member of the Greek Foreign Ministry, and a consultant (in 1993) to the Greek delegation to NATO.

38
‘Noulis Vital and Sam Levy…in hiding from the Germans in the French Institute, Athens’, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Photo Archive, Worksheet 61661.

39
‘Rena Shaki in hiding with her rescuers…’, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Photo Archive, Worksheet 45911.

40
Avi Sharon, ‘A Youth in Hiding’,
The Greek American
, 29 November 1997.

41
Jeff M. Levis, letter to the author, 26 December 2001.

42
Joseph Matsas,
The Participation of the Greek Jews in the National Resistance (1940–1944
).

43
Sam Modiano, ‘Island’s Jews Saved by Greek Archbishop’,
Jewish Chronicle
, 3 November 1978.

44
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 1868. All 1,800 Jews living on Corfu were taken to Auschwitz, where all but 200 were murdered.

45
Shmuel Spector, letter of 21 January 1963, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 12.

46
Michael Bar-Zohar,
Beyond Hitler’s Grasp: The Heroic Rescue of Bulgaria’s Jews
, pages 168–69.

47
Uriel Tal (editor),
The Grey Book: A Collection of Protests Against Anti-Semitism and the Persecution of Jews Issued by Non-Roman Catholic Churches and Church Leaders During Hitler’s Rule
, page 193.

48
Michael Bar-Zohar,
Beyond Hitler’s Grasp: The Heroic Rescue of Bulgaria’s Jews
, page 194.

49
‘Minute no. 4 of the session on April 2/March 20 of the old-style Julian Calendar in the year 1943’, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 9375.

50
Nissan Oren, ‘The Bulgarian Exception: A Reassessment of the Salvation of the Jewish Community’,
Yad Vashem Studies
(Jerusalem), volume 7, pages 83–106.

51
Michael Bar-Zohar,
Beyond Hitler’s Grasp: The Heroic Rescue of Bulgaria’s Jews
, pages 259–60.

1
Samuel Abrahamsen,
Norway’s Response to the Holocaust
, page 17.

2
Quoted in Samuel Abrahamsen,
Norway’s Response to the Holocaust
, page 18.

3
Testimony of Fanny Raskow, 3 January 1999, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 8611.

4
Samuel Abrahamsen,
Norway’s Response to the Holocaust
, page 107. The boys’ mother and sister Mina were arrested on 25 November 1942, imprisoned, and then deported to Auschwitz, where they were murdered.

5
Samuel Abrahamsen,
Norway’s Response to the Holocaust
, pages 141–43.

6
Per Kristian Sebak, letter to the author, 9 January 2001.

7
Samuel Abrahamsen,
Norway’s Response to the Holocaust
, page 17.

8
Samuel Abrahamsen,
Norway’s Response to the Holocaust
, page 21.

9
Arieh L. Bauminger,
The Righteous
, pages 64–66 (based on Bauminger’s conversation with Mrs Samuel on 10 November 1968).

10
Report of 29 December 1942, Office of Strategic Services, Washington DC, quoted in Samuel Abrahamsen,
Norway’s Response to the Holocaust
, page 11.

11
Samuel Abrahamsen,
Norway’s Response to the Holocaust
, page 12.

12
Gideon Hausner,
Justice in Jerusalem
, page 256. In 1997 Yad Vashem issued a collective certificate of honour to all members of the Norwegian Resistance: Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 616a.

13
Information provided by Leif Arne Mendelsohn, Oslo, letter to the author, 10 May 2000.

14
Hannu Rautkallio,
Finland and the Holocaust: The Rescue of Finland’s Jews
.