The Science of Shakespeare (52 page)

4. THE SHADOW OF COPERNICUS AND THE DAWN OF SCIENCE

“These earthly godfathers of heaven's lights…”
Love's Labour's Lost
(1.1.88).

“These were very popular…”
Boris Jardine, author interview, June 27, 2012.

“would only need a crystal ball…”
Nigel Jones, “The Arch Conjuror of England.”

“more than Herculean labours…”
quoted in Russell, p. 191.

“… and genuine demonstrations”
quoted in Russell, p. 192.

“The whole frame of Gods Creatures…”
quoted in Heninger, p. 8.

the largest private library …
Johnson,
Astronomical Thought
, p. 139.

“Dee knew everyone…”
Nigel Jones, “The Arch Conjuror of England.”

“Anyone who was anyone…”
Cormack, p. 516.

“It is possible that the actors…”
Ackroyd, p. 423.

Dee himself played an important role …
Russell, p. 192.

“became the focal point…”
McLean, p. 134.

“diligent study and reading…”
quoted in Harkness, p. 110.

“… ever written by an Englishman”
McLean, p. 138.

“may wonderfully helpe…”
quoted in Dunn, p. 15.

“… The Globe therefore becomes…”
McLean, p. 142.

“new works, strange engines…”
quoted in Harkness, p. 113.

“MASTER: How is it that Copernicus…”
quoted in Stimson, p. 43; I have modernized the spelling.

“be not abused…”
quoted in Johnson,
Astronomical Thought
, p. 130; I have modernized the spelling.

as Stephen Pumfrey notes …
Pumfrey, “Harriot's Maps of the Moon.”

“… of his radical cosmology”
Pumfrey, “Harriot's Maps of the Moon,” p. 166.

“those vast and multitudinous lights…”
quoted in Johnson,
Astronomical Thought
, p. 217.

“physiologia nova”
quoted in Cohen,
Revolution in Science
, p. 133.

“The Magnetic Force…”
quoted in Kocher, p. 181.

“like a community of souls…”
Russell, p. 207.

“demonstrated by many arguments…”
quoted in Cohen,
Revolution in Science
, pp. 133–34.

“contains the seeds…”
Cohen,
Revolution in Science
, p. 135.

“Remarkable that this ass…”
quoted in Rowland, p. 77.

“Dante's certainties about…”
Rowland, p. 106.

When crossing the English Channel …
See Rowland, p. 139.

As Giovanni Aquilecchia has noted
Aquilecchia, p. 9.

“… which rather did run round”
quoted in Gatti,
Essays on Giordano Bruno
, p. 23.

“For he [Copernicus] had…”
quoted in Gatti,
Essays on Giordano Bruno
, p. 65.

“ordained by the gods…”
quoted in Greenblatt,
The Swerve
, p. 238.

“There is a single general space…”
quoted in McLean, p. 147.

“one of an infinite number…”
quoted in Stimson, p. 51.

“Suppose now that all space…”
quoted in Decker, p. 603.

 … an eternal past
Rowland, p. 165.

after the group had visited Oxford …
Gatti,
Giordano Bruno: Renaissance Philosopher
, p. 44.

“a whole city…”
quoted in Gatti,
Essays on Giordano Bruno
, p. 141.

“England can brag of having…”
quoted in Rowland, p. 152.

“superior to all the kings…”
quoted in Gatti
Essays on Giordano Bruno
, p. 142.

“from infinity is born…”
quoted in Jacob, p. 31.

“… to share their wives”
Rowland, p. 206.

“an all-pervading world-soul”
Rowland, p. 218.

“
That this infinite space…”
quoted in Rowland, p. 219.

“a republic of stars…”
Rowland, p. 221.

“incubatory period”
Feingold,
The Mathematician's Apprenticeship
, p. 16.

5. THE RISE OF ENGLISH SCIENCE AND THE QUESTION OF THE TUDOR TELESCOPE

“sorrow's eye, glazed with blinding tears…”
Richard II
(2.2.16).

The annual lecture …
Johnson,
Astronomical Thought
, p. 199.

“had little scholarly training…”
Johnson,
Astronomical Thought
, p. 200.

“a general clearinghouse…”
Johnson,
Astronomical Thought
, p. 265.

“all the Gresham Astronomy Professors…”
Chapman, “Thomas Harriot: The First Telescopic Astronomer,” p. 318.

one out of every ten books …
According to the
Short Title Catalogue of English Books, 1475
–
1640
(London 1926). See Johnson,
Astronomical Thought
, p. 9.

“was not confined to scholars…”
Johnson,
Astronomical Thought
, p. 10.

“Every ship that put in…”
Harkness, p. 10.

an ostrich egg, money from China …
These particular items were mentioned by Lorraine Daston on “Ideas,” CBC Radio, May 4, 2012.

“after a more plain manner…”
quoted in Harkness, p. 98.

“Three merchants have…”
quoted in Harkness, p. 117.

“By the end of Elizabeth's reign…”
Harkness, p. 140.

“agreeable to the hypothesis…”
quoted in Johnson,
Astronomical Thought
, p. 208; I have modernized the spelling.

In Blagrave's astrolabe …
See Johnson,
Astronomical Thought
, pp. 208–9.

“… of the Copernican theory”
Johnson,
Astronomical Thought
, p. 210.

Gerard Mercator had built …
See Findlen, p. 664.

“the ground of all men's affairs”
quoted in Harkness, p. 98.

about five per year
Harkness, p. 104.

football was deemed …
Byrne, p. 204.

“… in the fourth century B.C.”
Sharpe,
Early Modern England
, p. 259.

“during the brief period…”
Johnson,
Astronomical Thought
, p. 10.

“entirely dependent upon…”
Johnson,
Astronomical Thought
, p. 11.

as Paula Findlen notes
Findlen, p. 662.

“… rather than a manifesto”
Findlen, p. 662.

“we may be sure…”
Johnson,
Astronomical Thought
, p. 181.

“
and sometimes taught well”
Feingold,
The Mathematician's Apprenticeship
, p. 20.

Edmund Lee, for example …
Feingold,
The Mathematician's Apprenticeship
, p. 100.

“Copernicus, the prince…”
Feingold,
The Mathematician's Apprenticeship
, p. 47.

William Camden …
Feingold,
The Mathematician's Apprenticeship
, p. 101.

John Mansell …
Feingold,
The Mathematician's Apprenticeship
, p. 102.

Richard Crakanthorpe …
Feingold,
The Mathematician's Apprenticeship
, p. 66.

Sir William Boswell …
Feingold,
The Mathematician's Apprenticeship
, p. 79.

“more cultivated in London…”
Feingold,
The Mathematician's Apprenticeship
, p. 87.

“[In] England, perhaps…”
Johnson, “The Influence of Thomas Digges…,” p. 390.

“explanations take the mystery out…”
quoted in Ball, p. 100.

“… of discovering their own errors”
Bacon (ed. Weinberger), p. 24.

“an intricate puzzle”
Ball, p. 107.

“heaven and earth do conspire…”
Bacon,
The Advancement of Learning
, p. 37.

“that anticipate the technology…”
Cartwright, p. 70.

“This lady was endued…”
Bacon,
The Advancement of Learning
, p. 49.

 … set of musical chimes
Feingold,
The Mathematician's Apprenticeship
, p. 198.

wore a tiny “alarm watch”
Landes, p. 87.

“a quantity of water…”
quoted in Feingold,
The Mathematician's Apprenticeship
, 198.

presented James with a clock …
Feingold,
The Mathematician's Apprenticeship
, p. 198.

“the latest book by Galileo”
quoted in Maisano, “Shakespeare's Last Act,” p. 427.

“a perspective glasse…”
quoted in McLean, p. 150.

“As far as we can tell…”
Chapman, “Thomas Harriot: The First Telescopic Astronomer,” p. 315.

by February 1610 …
Johnson,
Astronomical Thought
, p. 228.

Harriot made numerous astronomical observations …
See, for example, Chapman, “Thomas Harriot: The First Telescopic Astronomer.”

“two perspective trunks…”
quoted in McLean, p. 154.

Dee mentions two visits by Harriot …
Feingold,
The Mathematician's Apprenticeship
, p. 137.

Bruno's books …
Fox, p. 6.

“There can be no question…”
Johnson,
Astronomical Thought
, p. 229.

“could well have intersected…”
Stephen Greenblatt, author interview, May 1, 2012.

“there is a possibility…”
Stephen Greenblatt, author interview, May 1, 2012.

“was quite happy to accumulate…”
Chapman, “The Astronomical Work of Thomas Harriot (1560–1621),” pp. 104–5.

“… not as a public figure”
Chapman, “Thomas Harriot: the first telescopic astronomer,” p. 320.

as David Levy argues
See Levy,
Science in Early Modern English Literature
, p. 64.

“a stealthy reminder…”
Dawson and Yachnin, p. 184.

“must be confused with…”
Ure, p. 71.

“The allusion is to a ‘perspective'…”
Wilders, pp. 153–154.

“magic crystal permitting…”
Braunmuller, p. 212.

“a specially devised…”
Brown, p. 80.

“by the late sixteenth century…”
Dunn, p. 15.

“things of a marvellous largeness…”
quoted in McLean, p. 149.

“seems entirely probable”
Johnson, “The Influence of Thomas Digges…,” p. 401.

“cannot conclude…”
Levy,
Science in Early Modern English Literature
, p. 67.

“I simply do not believe…”
Chapman, “Thomas Harriot: The First Telescopic Astronomer,” p. 324.

“There would have been…”
Harkness, p. 2.

“the seeds of modern scientific thought”
Jensen, p. 527.

“prologue of modern science”
Feingold,
The Mathematician's Apprenticeship
, p. 7.

6. A BRIEF HISTORY OF WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

“
Who is it that can tell me who I am?”
King Lear
(1.4.189).

conducts the walk every day
Stratford Town Walk; see
www.stratfordtownwalk.co.uk
.

Only three-quarters …
Forgeng, p. 47.

“… as a double consciousness”
Greenblatt,
Will in the World
, p. 103.

“To argue that the Shakespeares…”
Shapiro,
1599
, p. 148.

“was a fact of daily life”
Jones,
Shakespeare's England
, p. 41.

“His mind and world…”
Bate, p. 12.

“One had to make…”
Jones,
Shakespeare's England
, p. 39.

“… in English history”
Jones,
Shakespeare's England
, p. 41.

about four million
Jones,
Shakespeare's England
, p. 34.

About one-third
Forgeng, p. 43.

Those who lived to thirty …
Forgeng, p. 68.

“fickle-headed tailors”
quoted in Pritchard, p. 19.

“Women [were made] to…”
quoted in Forgeng, p. 40.

“They go to market…”
quoted in Forgeng p. 41.

 … and were not taught Latin
See, for example, Jensen, p. 512.

more than a hundred works …
Travitsky, p. 3.

about 160 such institutions
Jensen, p. 512.

“God hath sanctified…”
quoted in Pritchard, p. 91.