The Spanish Armada (64 page)

Dreadnought
(English ship),
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,
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,
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,
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,
ref 5

Dudley, Arthur,
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Dunkirk,
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Duquesa Santa Ana
(Spanish ship),
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,
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Dutch, the
see
Netherlands

Edward VI, King,
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,
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,
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Elizabeth I, Queen: accession,
ref 1
,
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; life, upbringing and career,
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; confined to Tower,
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; released and moved to Woodstock, xxii; Protestantism,
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; appearance and manner,
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; coronation,
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;
declines Philip’s marriage offer,
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; and Mary Queen of Scots’ flight to England,
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; and northern rebellion (1569),
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,
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; excommunicated by Pius V and Sixtus,
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,
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,
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,
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;
issues treason acts,
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; moderation towards Catholic subjects,
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; Catholic hostility to,
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; assassination attempts on,
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,
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; succession question,
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,
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; signs Mary Queen of Scots’ death warrant,
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; supports Netherlands Protestants against Spain,
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; supposed illegitimate son by Leicester,
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; agrees to modified pre-emptive
action against Spain,
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,
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,
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; on Drake’s success on expedition against Spain,
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; rejects
proposal for Drake to attack Spanish treasure ships,
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; lacks standing army,
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; writes to James VI of Scotland on death of Mary Queen of Scots,
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; and coastal defences,
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,
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; orders City of London to provide men and weapons,
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; Dutch States
seek financial assistance from,
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;
secret peace negotiations with Spain,
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; Cardinal Allen attacks,
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; Sixtus praises and admires,
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,
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; personal protection,
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; financial difficulties and parsimony,
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,
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,
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; visits Tilbury and delivers speech,
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,
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; orders
demobilisation and disbands army,
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,
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; replies to James VI’s offer of assistance,
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; praised by Henri III and
Mocenigo,
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; mourns death of Leicester,
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; ‘Armada Portrait’,
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; income and supplements,
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; supports expedition against Spain and Portugal,
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; and Earl of Essex’s unauthorised departure for expedition against Spain,
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; anger at disobedience of Norris/ Drake expedition,
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; on fate of Earl of Arundel,
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; decline, death and burial,
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Elizabeth Bonaventure
(English ship),
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,
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,
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,
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Elizabeth Jonas
(English ship),
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,
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,
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Elizabeth of Lowestoft
(English ship),
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Elizabeth, Princess (
later
Queen of Bohemia),
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Elizabeth of Valois, Queen of Philip II of Spain,
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England: war with Spain,
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; Protestantism under Elizabeth,
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; Catholic recusants in,
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,
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; foreign Catholic invasion plans,
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; Philip plans invasion of,
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,
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; and rumours of Armada
preparations,
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; prepares to counter Armada,
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; coastal and river defences,
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,
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; manpower and
military forces,
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; clergy’s reluctant contribition to defences,
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; arms and equipment for land forces,
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; Armada
warning signals and beacons,
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; Spanish spies and intelligence on,
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; Parma prepares proclamation for,
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; rumours of
threatened Spanish atrocities,
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; apprehensions at invasion threat,
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,
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; thanksgiving services and celebrations for
victory,
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,
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; financial difficulties,
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; expedition against Spain and Portugal (1589),
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,
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; Catholic priests smuggled into,
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; Treaty of London with Spain (1604),
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Englefield, Sir Francis,
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,
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Enríquez, Colonel Don Diego,
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Escalante, Fr Bernardino de,
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Esquivel, Ensign,
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Essex, Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of: behaviour,
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,
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; executed,
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Estrada, Pedro,
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Fair Isle,
ref 1

Falcon Blanco Mediano
(Spanish ship),
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Falmouth: Spanish fleet sails for (1597),
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Fawkes, Guy,
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Felton, John,
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Fénelon, Bertrand de Salignac de la Mothe,
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Fenner, Captain Thomas,
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,
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,
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,
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Fenner, William,
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Fenton, Edmund,
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Fenton, Geoffrey,
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Fenton, George,
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,
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Feria, Gómez Suárez de Figueroa, 5th Count de,
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Figliazzi, Giovanni,
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Fisher, Captain John,
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Fisher, Cardinal John, Bishop of Rochester,
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Fitzgerald, James Fitzmaurice of Desmond,
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,
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Fitzmaurice, Maurice,
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Fitzwilliam, Sir William,
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,
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,
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,
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Flanders, banks of,
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,
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Fleming, Captain Thomas,
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,
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Flick, Robert,
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Flores, Azores,
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Florida: proposed Catholic homeland
in,
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Foljambe, Lady Constance,
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Foljambe, Godfrey,
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Foresight
(English ship),
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Forth, Firth of,
ref 1

Fox, John,
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France: religious discord,
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,
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,
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; Philip signs Treaty of Joinville with,
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;
and execution of Mary Queen of Scots,
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Frederick, Hans,
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Frobisher, Sir Martin: criticises Drake,
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,
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; commands squadron,
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,
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;
stranded in engagement off Portland,
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,
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; escapes off Isle of Wight,
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; knighted,
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; attacks
Armada off Gravelines,
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; death in expedition against Spaniards in France,
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Fuentes, Pedro Henriquez de Acevedo, Count of,
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Fugger family (financiers),
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Fugitives Act (1571),
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Gamarra, Juan de,
ref 1

Gardiner, Stephen, Bishop of Winchester,
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,
ref 2

Gargrave, Sir Thomas,
ref 1

Gato, El
(Spanish hulk),
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Gérard, Balthazar,
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Gerard, Sir Thomas,
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,
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Geronimo, Padre,
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Giambelli, Fedrigo,
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,
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Gil, Ensign Juan,
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Gilbert, Sir Humphrey,
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,
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Gilbert, Sir John,
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Giraldi, Michael,
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Girona
(Spanish ship),
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,
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,
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Golden Hind
(English ship),
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Golden Lion
(English ship): in expedition against Spain,
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,
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,
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; engages Armada,
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,
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,
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,
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; in battle of Gravelines,
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Golden Noble
(English ship),
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Gongora, Friar Bernardo de,
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Gorges, Nicholas,
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Gourdan, Giraude Mauleon, seigneur de Calais,
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Gran Grifón, El
(Spanish ship),
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,
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,
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,
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,
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Grassi, Annibale de,
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Gravelines, battle of,
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,
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,
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,
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Gray, Thomas,
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Gray, Ursula,
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Great Yarmouth,
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Gregory XIII, Pope: anti-Protestant acts,
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; and invasion plans against England,
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Grenville, Sir Richard,
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Grey, Lady Jane,
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,
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Grey of Wilton, Arthur Grey, 14th Baron,
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Grimaldi family,
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Grindal, Edmund, Archbishop of Canterbury,
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Gritti, Giovanni,
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,
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Guise, Henri, 3rd Duke of,
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,
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,
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,
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,
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,
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Guise, Cardinal Louis de,
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Gunpowder Plot (1605),
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Guzman, Captain Don Rodrigo Tello de,
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,
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Gwyn, David,
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Hammond (Arundel’s servant),
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Hampshire: defences,
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Harris, John,
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Hart, Captain William,
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Hartlepool,
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Harwich, Essex,
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,
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Hawkins Hospital, Chatham,
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Hawkins, Sir John: dispute with Spaniards in West Indies,
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; as treasurer of navy,
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,
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; Howard defends,
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; harries Armada,
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; claims
San Salvador
as prize,
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; on shortage of powder and shot,
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; blocks Spanish access to Isle of Wight,
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; attacks Spanish stragglers,
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; knighted,
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; offers
fireships at Calais,
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; in battle of Gravelines,
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; pursues fleeing Spaniards,
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; on cost of ship repairs,
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; advocates attacks on Spanish treasure convoys,
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; establishes ‘Chatham Chest’ for seamen’s relief,
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;
death off Puerto Rico,
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Hawkins, William,
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Hayward, Sir John,
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Henri II, King of France,
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Henri III, King of France,
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,
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,
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,
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,
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,
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,
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Henri IV (of Navarre), King of France,
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,
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Henry VII, King,
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Henry VIII, King,
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,
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,
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,
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,
ref 5

Heredia, Captain,
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Heria, Antonio de,
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Heydon, Sir William,
ref 1

Hole, Thomas,
ref 1

Hope
(English ship),
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,
ref 1

Hope Hawkins
(English ship),
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Horne, Robert, Bishop of Winchester,
ref 1

Horra, Fernando,
ref 1

Howard of Effingham, Charles, 2nd Baron (
later
Earl of Nottingham): urges pre-emptive blow against Spain,
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; appointed lord high admiral,
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; pleased at condition of ships,
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; joins up with Drake at Plymouth,
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; on Elizabeth’s parsimony over defences,
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; Elizabeth orders to patrol coast,
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; sails for Corunna,
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; shortage of powder and shot,
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,
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,
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,
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; informed of Armada’s arrival,
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; supposed game of bowls with Drake,
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; issues formal ‘defiance’ to Spaniards and attacks,
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; reports on first day’s action to Walsingham,
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;
shipboard council of war,
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; follows Drake,
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; escapes attack by Moncada,
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; in engagement off Portland,
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; requests reinforcements of Walsingham,
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; blocks Armada’s entrance to Solent,
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; confers knighthoods on subordinates,
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; discusses action against Armada at Calais,
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; orders preparation of fireships,
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; and success of fireship attack at
Calais,
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,
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; strategy against Armada after Calais,
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,
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; and Armada’s escape to North
Sea,
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; warns of continuing Spanish threat,
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; and prospective Spanish landing in Scotland,
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; ships arrive at Harwich
and Margate,
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; superior firepower,
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; on neglect of seamen,
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; establishes ‘Chatham Chest’ for relief of
seamen,
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; created Earl of Nottingham,
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; attends dying Elizabeth,
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; negotiates peace settlement with Spain,
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