The Spanish Civil War (109 page)

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(Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1968). United Nations Security Council,
Report on Spain
(New York, 1946). United States Government,
Foreign Relations of the United States:
1936 (vol. II); 1937 (vol. I); 1938 (vol. I), 1939 (vol. II) (Washington, 1954–56).

URIBARRI, MANUEL
,
La quinta columna española
(Havana, 1943).

URRACA PASTOR, MARÍA ROSA
,
Así emperzamos (memorias de una enfermera)
(Bilbao, no date).

URRUTIA, JULIO DE
,
El cerro de los héroes
(Madrid, 1965).
USD:
see United States Government.

VALDESOTO, F
.
DE
,
Francisco Franco
(Madrid, 1943).

VALVERDE, JUAN TOMÁS
,
Memorias de un alcalde
(Madrid, 1961).

VANNI, ETTORE
,
Io, comunista in Russia
(Bologna, 1948).

VANSITTART
, Lord,
The Mist Procession
(London, 1958).

VARELA RENDUELAS, J
.
M
.,
Mi rebelión en Seville
(Sevilla, 1982).

VEGA GONZÁLEZ, ROBERTO
,
Cadetes mexicanos en la guerra de España
(Mexico, 1954).

VEGAS LATAPIÉ, E
.,
El pensamiento político de Calvo Sotelo
(Madrid, 1941).

VELARDE, JUAN
,
Política económica de la dictadura
(Madrid, 1968).

VENEGAS, JOSÉ
,
Las elecciones del Frente Popular
(Buenos Aires, 1942).

VICENS VIVES, JAIME
,
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(Barcelona, 1962).

VIDAL I BARRAQUER, ARXIU
,
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vol. I (Montserrat, 1971).

VIETH VON GOLSSENAU, ARNOLD
(‘
LUDWIG RENN
’),
Der Spanische Krieg
(Berlin, 1955).

VIGÓN, JORGE
,
General Mola, el Conspirador
(Barcelona, 1957).

VILA SAN JUAN, JOSÉ LUIS
,
¿Así fue? Enigmas de la guerra civil española
(Barcelona, 1972).

VILANOVA, ANTONIO
,
La defensa del alcázar de Toledo
(Mexico, 1963).

VILAR, PIERRE
,
Histoire de l’Espagne
(Paris, 1952).

VILAR, SERGIO
,
Protagonistas de la España democrática, la oposición a la dictadura 1931–1969
(Paris, 1969).

VILARÓ, JOSÉ ESTEBAN
,
El ocaso de los dioses rojos, Barcelona, Pethus, Argelés, Paris, Méjico
(Barcelona, 1939).

VILLALBA DIÉGUEZ, FERNANDO
,
Diario de guerra, 1938–1939
(Madrid, 1956).

VILLAR, MANUEL
,
El anarquismo en la insurreción de Asturias
(Valencia, 1935).

VILLAR SALINAS, JESÚS
,
Repercusiones demográfícas de la última guerra civil española
(Madrid, 1942).

VILLARÍN, JORGE
,
Guerra en España contra el judaismo bolchevique
(Cadiz, no date).

VIÑAS
, Á
NGEL
,
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(Madrid, 2001).

VOROS, SANDOR
,
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(Philadelphia, 1961).

‘
W.W.W
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(Barcelona, 1937).

WALL, BERNARD
,
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(New York, 1938).

WARNER, GEOFFREY
,
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(
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WATKINS, K
.
W
.,
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(London, 1963).

WATSON, KEITH SCOTT
,
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(London, 1937).

WATT, D
.
C
., ‘Soviet Aid to the Republic’,
The Slavonic and East European Review
(June 1960).

WEIL, SIMONE
,
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(Paris, 1960).

WEINBERG, GERHARD
,
The Foreign Policy of Hitler’s Germany: Diplomatic Revolution in Europe
(Chicago, 1970).

WEINTRAUB, STANLEY
,
The Last Great Cause: The Intellectuals and the Spanish Civil War
(London, 1968).

WEIZSÄCKER, ERNST VON
,
Memoirs
(New York, 1951).

WHITAKER, J
.
T
., ‘Prelude to War’ (
Foreign Affairs,
New York, October 1942).

WINTRINGHAM, THOMAS HENRY
,
English Captain
(London, 1939).

WOLFE, BERTRAM
,
Khrushchev and Stalin’s Ghost
(New York, 1957).

WOOD, J
.
K
.,
The Long Shadow
(unpublished MS., Harrogate).

WOOD, NEAL
,
Communism and British Intellectuals
(London, 1959).

WOODCOCK, GEORGE
,
Anarchism
(London, 1963).

WOOLMAN, DAVID
,
Rebels in the Rif
(London, 1969).

WOOLSEY, GAMEL
,
Death’s Other Kingdom
(London, New York, 1939).

WORSLEY, CUTHBERT
,
Behind the Battle
(London, 1939).

WULLSCHLEGER, MAX
(ed.),
Schweitzer Kämpfen in Spanien
(Zurich, 1939).

XIMÉNEZ DE SANDOVAL, FELIPE
,
José Antonio, Biografía apasionada
(Barcelona, 1941).

YZURDIAGA, FERMÍN
,
Discurso al silencio y voz de la Falange
(Salamanca, 1937).

ZAYAS
, Marqués
DE
,
Historia de la vieja guardia de Baleares
(Madrid, 1955).

ZUGAZAGOITIA, JULIÁN
,
Historia de la guerra en España
(Buenos Aires, 1940);
Pablo Iglesias
(Madrid, 1926).

ZYROMSKI, JEAN
,
Ouvrez la frontière!
(Paris, 1936).

The Spanish Civil War, and its origins, has by now a large bibliography. See J. García Durán,
Bibliografía de la guerra civil española
(Montevideo, 1965), or Ricardo de la Cierva,
et al., Bibliografía sobre la guerra de España
(Madrid, 1968). Neither are, or could be, complete; and both already betray their age. Some errors of the latter are pointed out by Herbert Southworth, ‘Los Bibliófobos’,
Cuadernos de Ruedo Ibérico,
No. 2. A good bibliographical essay on modern Spanish history is contained in Raymond Carr,
Spain 1808–1939
(Oxford, 1966). Other bibliographical material can be found in the series of
Duadernos bibliográficos de la guerra de España 1936–1939
(published by the University of Madrid, 1966 onwards).

The most important texts of the republic are contained in María Carmen García Nieto and Javier M. Donézar,
Bases documentales de la España contemporánea,
vols. 8 and 9, La Segunda República (Madrid, 1974). Texts for 1936 can be seen in Ricardo de la Cierva,
Los documentos de la primavera trágica
(Madrid, 1967). For the war, there is Fernando Díaz-Plaja,
La guerra de España en sus documentos,
2nd ed. (Barcelona, 1966).

(1) The best history of modern Spain is that of Carr (see above). For an admirable introduction to the twentieth century, see Gerald Brenan,
The Spanish Labyrinth
(Cambridge, 1943). Other general works include Manuel Tuñón de Lara,
La España del siglo XX
(Paris, 1966), and Antonio Ramos Oliviera,
Politics, Economics and Men of Modern Spain
(London, 1946); both emphasize economics. The first half of Salvador de Madariaga’s
Spain
(London, 1946, and subsequent editions) remains useful. Paul Preston’s
Comrades
(London, 1999) has several useful pen portraits of the leading politicians of the 1930s.

(2) The best political history of the Restoration is Melchor Fernández Almagro,
Historia política de la España contemporánea,
2 volumes (Madrid, 1959). For the Institución Libre de Enseñanze, see the book of that name by Vicente
Cacho (Madrid, 1962). For Alfonso XIII, see Julián Cortés Cavanilla’s
Alfonso XIII
(Madrid, 1959). For the war in Morocco, see David Woolman,
Rebels in the Rif
(London, 1969). For 1909, see Joan Ullman,
The Tragic Week
(Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1968). For the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, see Juan Velarde Fuertes,
Política económica de la dictadura
(Madrid, 1968): there is no satisfactory biography. For the Army throughout the period, see Stanley Payne’s
Politics and the Military in Modern Spain
(Stanford, 1967).

(3) A useful general analysis of constitutional issues is Carlos Rama,
La crisis española del siglo XX
(Buenos Aires, 1960).

(1) For anarchism, see Casimiro Martí’s excellent
Los orígenes del anarquismo en Barcelona
(Barcelona, 1959); Josep Termes,
Anarquismo y sindicalismo en España
(Barcelona, 1972); Anselmo Lorenzo,
El proletariado militante
(Mexico, 1940, and other editions), a personal account; José Díaz del Moral’s famous
Historia de las agitaciones campesinas andaluzas—Córdoba
(Madrid, 1929); the first volume of José Peirats,
La CNT—la revolución española
(Toulouse, 1951); and Diego Abad de Santillán,
Contribución a la historia del movimiento obrero español,
2 volumes (Mexico, 1962). Useful or interesting information on anarchism can also be found in the work of Joan Ullman (see above, section II [2]); in Joaquín Romero Maura’s meticulous study of the Barcelona working class movements in the early years of the century,
La rosa del fuego
(Barcelona, 1974); and dotted about the three volumes of Maximiniano García Venero,
Historia de las Internacionales en España
(Madrid, 1956). Brenan (see above, section II [1]) is excellent on Andalusian anarchism, and such works as Angel Pestaña,
Lo que aprendí en la vida
(Madrid, 1932), Manuel Cruells,
Salvador Seguí, el Noi del Sucre
(Barcelona, 1974), and Abel Paz,
Durruti: le peuple en armes
(Paris, 1972), add personal views. The best introduction to anarchism as an international phenomenon is James Joll,
The Anarchists
(London, 1964).

(2) Socialism is less well served, though see Gerald Meaker’s excellent
The Revolutionary Left in Spain, 1914–1923
(Stanford, 1974), Julián Zugazagoitia’s
Pablo Iglesias
(Madrid, 1926), the slight
Mis recuerdos
of Largo Caballero (Mexico, 1954), and Andrés Saborit’s episodic
Julián Besteiro
(Buenos Aires, 1967).

(3) The unimportant history of the communists before 1936 is well introduced by Meaker (see above, section III [2]) and Elorza and Bizcarrondo (see below, section VIII [5]). See also José Bullejos,
Europa entre dos guerras
(Mexico, 1944), Enrique Matorras,
El comunismo en España
(Madrid, 1935), V. Reguengo,
Guerra sin frentes
(Madrid, 1954), and the appropriate chapters in Jules Humbert-Droz,
Mémoires,
3 volumes (Neuchâtel, 1969–1972).

(4) For a general review, see Stanley Payne’s uneven
The Spanish Revolution
(New York, 1970).

(1) Among comprehensive studies, Joaquín Arrarás’s
Historia de la segunda república española,
4 volumes (Madrid, 1956–1964), is the most detailed; it favours the Right. The first half of Gabriel Jackson’s
The Spanish Republic and the Civil War
(Princeton, 1965) is a warm-hearted and well-written account, favouring the liberals. José Plá’s
Historia de la segunda república española,
4 volumes (Barcelona, 1940–1941), can still be read with profit. The essays in Raymond Carr’s
The Republic and the Civil War in Spain
(London, 1971) include interesting revisionist arguments.

(2) The best study of the fall of the monarchy and the formation of the republican movement is in S. Ben-Ami’s
The Origins of the Second Republic
(Oxford Ph.D., 1974).

(3) Jean Bécarud’s
La Deuxième République Espagnole
(Paris, 1962) is good on elections. See also on that theme José Venegas,
Las elecciones del Frente Popular
(Buenos Aires, 1942), and a meticulous study, Javier Tusell’s
Las elecciones del Frente Popular,
2 volumes (Madrid, 1971). There is, too, Manuel Ramírez Jiménez,
Los grupos de presión en la segunda república española
(Madrid, 1969). There is no study of foreign policy other than the
Memorias
(
1921–1936
) of Salvador de Madariaga (Madrid, 1974).

(4) The economic history of the republic can be studied in Alberto Balcells
Crisis económica y agitación social en Cataluña (1930–1936)
(Barcelona, 1971), and in the first half of Ramón Tamames’s
La república, la era de Franco
(Madrid, 1973)—a provocative work of political economy.

(5) Edward Malefakis’s
Agrarian Reform and Peasant Revolution in Spain
(New Haven, 1970), is the best study of agrarian problems. There is illuminating material in three studies of three very different villages: Julian Pitt-Rivers’s
People of the Sierra
(London, 1954), Gerald Brenan’s
South from Granada
(London, 1957), and Carmelo Lison Tolosana’s
Belmonte de los Caballeros
(Oxford, 1966).

(6) The liberal challenge is badly served by historians or memoir-writers, apart from Manuel Azaña’s unique diary contained in volumes III and IV of his
Obras completas
(Mexico, 1966), and in the stolen pages edited by Joaquín
Arrarás in 1938 as
Memorias íntimas de Azaña
(Madrid, 1939) and published in 1997 as
Diarios 1932–1933
(Barcelona, 1997). Two lives of Azaña also help a little: Cipriano de Rivas-Cherif’s
Retrato de un desconocido
(Mexico, 1961), and Frank Sedwick’s
The Tragedy of Manuel Azaña and the Fate of the Spanish Republic
(Ohio, 1963). See also Miguel Maura’s
Así cayó Alfonso XIII …
(Mexico, 1962), and Marcelino Domingo’s
Mi experiencia del poder
(Madrid, 1934).

(7) The best general study of the Spanish Right is that by Richard Robinson,
The Origins of Franco’s Spain
(Newton Abbot, 1970), and there are useful memoirs by José María Gil Robles (
No fue posible la paz,
Barcelona, 1968) and Joaquín Chapaprieta (
La paz fue posible,
Barcelona, 1971). Alejandro Lerroux’s
La pequeña historia
(Madrid, 1963) is not trustworthy. The most informative life of Calvo Sotelo is that by Aurelio Joaniquet (Santander, 1939). The monarchists are studied in Santiago Galindo Herrera,
Los partidos monárquicos bajo la segunda república
(Madrid, 1956) and, much more critically, by Paul Preston in several analyses (e.g.,
The Spanish Right under the Second Republic,
Reading, 1971, and ‘The Moderate Right and the Undermining of the Second Spanish Republic’,
European Studies Review,
vol. III, no. 4 [1973]). Monarchist nostalgia can be seen in José María Pemán,
Mis almuerzos con gente importante
(Madrid, 1970), or Juan Ignacio Luca de Tena,
Mis amigos muertos
(Barcelona, 1971). Javier Tusell gives a methodical study of the CEDA in his
Historia de la democracia cristiana en España,
2 volumes (Madrid, 1974). See also José Gutiérrez Ravé’s
Antonio Goicoechea
(Madrid, 1965).

(8) The Carlist revival is presented by Luis Redondo and Juan de Zavala’s
El requeté
(Barcelona, 1957), and Jaime del Burgo’s
Conspiración y guerra civil
(Madrid, 1970). For a balanced general study, see Martin Blinkhorn,
Carlism and Crisis in Spain
(Cambridge, 1975).

(9) The best history of the Falange is the work of that name by Stanley Payne (Stanford, 1961). Also worth exploring are David Jato,
La rebelión de los estudiantes
(Madrid, 1953), Felipe Ximénez de Sandoval’s life of José Antonio—the
Biografía apasionada
(Barcelona, 1941), Francisco Bravo’s
Historia de la Falange Española de las JONS
(Madrid, 1940), and
Hacia la historia de la Falange
by Sancho Dávila and Julián Pemartín (Jerez, 1938). José Antonio’s complete works have appeared in various editions, e.g.,
Obras completas
(Madrid, 1942). (For the Falange in the war, see below, section VII [1].)

(10) For the working class movements under the republic, there is little to add to the list in section III (1) to (3) above. On anarchism, the works of Peirats, Abad de Santillán, García Venero, Brenan and Paz might be supplemented by John Brademas’s
Anarcosindicalismo y revolución en España (1930–1937)
(Barcelona, 1974). Prieto’s various essays of journalism (in
Convulsiones de España,
3
volumes [Mexico, 1967–1969],
De mi vida,
2 volumes [Mexico, 1965–1970] or
Palabras al viento
[Mexico, 1942]), give the moderate socialist attitude.

(11) Regional problems under the republic have been inadequately studied. Unlike the struggle for autonomy, the working of the Catalan
Generalidad
has not received much attention. E. Allison Peers’s
Catalonia Infelix
(London, 1937), though old, is still the only introduction in English. There is an unsatisfactory life of Companys by Angel Ossorio y Gallardo:
Vida y sacrificio de Companys
(Buenos Aires, 1943). See for general background García Venero’s
Historia del nacionalismo catalán
(Madrid, 1967) and Jesús Pabón’s
Cambó,
3 volumes (Barcelona, 1952–1969), the best political biography in Spanish. The Lliga has received extensive treatment in Isidre Molas’s
Lliga Catalana
(Barcelona, 1972). Balcells (see above, in section IV [4]) deals in detail with the economy. As for Basque nationalism, Stanley Payne’s
El nacionalismo vasco
(Barcelona, 1974) is a good, short, rather sceptical, introduction, which replaces García Venero’s
Historia del nacionalismo vasco
(Madrid, 1945), though that contains useful information.

(12) The church under the republic is dealt with competently by José Mariano Sánchez in
Reform and Reaction
(Chapel Hill, 1964), and more passionately by Juan de Iturralde in
El catolicismo y la cruzada de Franco
(Bayonne, 1955). See also Arxiu Vidal i Barraquer,
Església i estat durant la segona república espanyola 1931–1936,
vol. I (Montserrat, 1971). There is, of course, material on this subject in Gil Robles’s, and others’, memoirs.

General works include the second half of Gabriel Jackson’s book (see section IV [1] above) and of Raymond Carr’s collection. A general history from a Trotskyist angle is Pierre Broué and Émile Témime’s
La Révolution et la guerre d’Espagne
(Paris, 1961). Julián Zugazagoitia’s
Historia de la guerra en España
(Buenos Aires, 1940, subsequent reprints) is a vivid account by a Socialist minister. More critical of the republic is Ricardo de la Cierva’s handsome but uneven
Historia ilustrada de la guerra civil española,
2 volumes (Barcelona, 1970). The brutalities behind the lines are summarized by Carlos Santos Juliá, et al., in
Las Víctimas de la Guerra Civil
(Madrid, 1999) which gives no references. Robert Brasillach’s well-written
Historie de la guerre d’Espagne
(Paris, 1939) is a period piece only. The enormous
Historia de la cruzada española,
35 folios (Madrid, 1940–1943), directed by Joaquín Arrarás, is useful on the rising. Guillermo Cabanellas’s
La guerra de mil días
(Barcelona, 1973) is a well-written if prickly account by a socialist son of General Miguel Cabanellas, whose part is here well presented. Personal accounts are very well
put together by Ronald Fraser in
Blood of Spain, an Oral History of the Spanish Civil War
(New York, 1979).