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Footnotes

¹
Unlike the volcanic Leeward Islands, Barbados was formed primarily from coral, and the resulting porous limestone meant that water drained away rather than forming rivers.

²
Between 1585 and 1604, more than 200 English privateers visited the Caribbean, carrying home between £100,000 and £200,000 each year in gold, silver, pearls and sugar.

³
The most tragic fall-out of the triumph of the Carlisle faction was that the Arawaks, stripped of the protection of their patron Henry Powell, found themselves enslaved. When news of this outrage reached the Dutch colony in Guiana, only the nimble-footed actions of the governor, Groenenwegen, in marrying a local girl prevented a furious Arawak uprising. Many years later, in 1652, Henry Powell succeeded in having three survivors of this original party freed. In 1676 an Act was passed prohibiting bringing Indian slaves to the island, as they were considered ‘a people of too subtle, bloody and dangerous inclination to be and remain here’.

⁴
Hawley would return to Barbados, and died in 1677 allegedly as a result of falling down the stairs of the Roebuck Tavern in Bridgetown while intoxicated.

⁵
Ligon, who had what he described as a painter’s eye for young female beauty, was particularly taken with Yarico, an Indian house slave who had the responsibility of picking the chiggers out of his feet. She was ‘of excellent shape and colour, for it was a pure bright bay; small breasts, with the nipples of a porphyrie colour … this woman would not be woo’d by any means to wear Cloathes’.

⁶
Soon afterwards, the word ‘kidnap’ entered the English language, its original definition being ‘to steal or carry off children and others for service on the American plantations’.

⁷
Drax’s last deal in Barbados, which has survived in the records, was in late March 1654. He sold to fellow Barbadians Robert Hooper and Martin Bentley ‘one-eighth part of the Ship
Samuel
and one-eight part of Pinnace
Hope
, llately set out from England for Africa for negroes, and one-fifth part of cargo and profits’. The cost was £454 sterling or ‘54,480lbs weight of good muscavado sugar’, to be paid within the year, and part of the deal allowed Drax to select from the cargo ‘two male negroes and two female negroes’ from each vessel once they arrived in Barbados.

⁸
This was German mercenary Heinrich Von Uchteritz, captured after the Battle of Worcester in 1651, who spent about four and a half months on the island in 1652 before escaping his bondage thanks to a visiting Hamburg merchant. He had joined a plantation with a workforce of 100 blacks and 100 whites.

⁹
The saying went that the first thing the Spanish did when they started a settlement was to build a church, the Dutch a fort, the English a tavern.

¹⁰
Other prominent figures in the island’s early history who came with the Cromwellian army are John Cope, Thomas Lynch, Samuel Long, Henry Archbold, Samuel Barry and Thomas Freeman.

¹¹
Among the beneficiaries were his sisters, nieces and nephews, his cousin, William Drax the Younger, son of his father’s brother, and godchildren, who included among their number three Codrington children, his cousins through the marriage of old Sir James’s sister Frances to the first Christopher Codrington.

¹²
Unlike Drax Hall, which, amazingly, has remained in the same family since it was built 350 years ago, the ownership of St Nicholas Abbey perhaps more accurately reflects the impermanence and transitory nature of the island’s inhabitants: the long list of former owners includes a string of different families, including such illustrious Barbados names as Dottin and Alleyne. It is now a tourist attraction and small-scale rum business. Sugar cane is still to be seen planted all around.

¹³
Locke would later change his stance on the trade, writing: ‘Slavery is so vile and miserable a state of man, and so directly opposite to the generous temper and courage of our nation, that it is hardly possible to be conceived that an Englishman, much less a gentleman, should plead for it.’

¹⁴
Sugar paid import tax of 1s. 5d sterling per hundredweight of raw sugar or muscovado. Foreign sugars paid 3s. 10d. Colonial clayed, or semi-refined sugar paid 4s. 9d, the foreign version 7s.

¹⁵
The threat is acknowledged in Willoughby’s 1663 instructions ‘to treat with the natives … or if injurious or contumacious, to persecute them with fire and swords’.

¹⁶
Warner, the story goes, then imprisoned his wife in a keep built for the purpose in a lonely nook, jealous of her violation by her former captors.

¹⁷
In 1657, Samuel Winthrop, at great expense, sent his sons John and Samuel to Boston to be educated. He deemed ‘that place more fit for it then this … I doe not find this country good for children’.

¹⁸
In March 1663, a group of Dutch refugees arrived in Martinique, but were swiftly expelled under Jesuit influence as Jews and heretics. The party crossed to Guadeloupe and were welcomed by the Governor there, who was himself involved in the sugar industry. The Governor of Martinique realised his mistake and invited them to come to his island as well.

¹⁹
Myngs subsequently returned to London, was knighted, and was then killed fighting de Ruyter in June 1666 in a battle off the North Foreland.

²⁰
Montserrat is today the only country except for Ireland to have St Patrick’s Day as a public holiday.

²¹
Rose’s widow would marry Sir Hans Sloane and his daughter into a Sussex family, the Fullers, the next generation of whom would be key players in the sugar business in both Jamaica and London.