The Sugar Barons (76 page)
29. Peace and Freedom
180 sugar factories and 200 plantations destroyed: Deerr, | |
was killed by being passed though his own sugar mill: ibid., 2:323. | |
‘I am sorry to inform you St Domingo is totally evacuated’: 23 November 1798, MSS Beckford C. 37. | |
‘Tho’ we lament the principal cause of such high prices’: Ragatz, | |
‘the principal source of national opulence’: Edwards, | |
‘being, as I am informed, selected with great expense’: ibid., 2:124. | |
‘Such eating and drinking I never saw!’: Cundall, | |
‘saying dis and dat and toder’: ibid., 102. | |
‘suffer much, submit to much and lead a life of misery’: Beckford, | |
‘a canoe, containing three or four black females’: Renny, | |
‘they were thrown alive into the sea, it would be the loss of the underwriters’: Donnan, | |
‘The whole Body of a roasted Negro’: Deerr, | |
‘no nation has plunged so deeply into this guilt’: Thomas, | |
‘I have the great pleasure to inform you that on Thursday last’: letter book of Stephen Fuller 1784–92, J. Arch. 1B/5/14/1. | |
‘in a great measure, built up by the blood of the poor Africans’: Samuel Hopkins to Moses Brown, 29 April 1784, quoted in Donnan, | |
‘created not to ruin only one good citizen but to ruin many hundreds’: quoted in | |
John ‘Drew his Brothers with him into a Voyage in that Unrighteous Traffic’: Hedges, | |
‘exert himself to support the West India Int. in the next Parliament’: Thomas Wildman to James Wildman, 6 November 1793, MSS Beckford C. 499. | |
‘I was exposed not only to the sight, but also to the practice of severities’: Knutsford, | |
By 1805 it had fallen from over £100,000 to somewhere in the region of £30,000: Lees-Milne, | |
‘one of the very few possessors of great wealth who have honestly tried to spend it poetically’: | |
‘a desert of magnificence, a glittering waste of laborious idleness’: quoted in Knight, | |
‘having an antique appearance’: Pierre F. M’callum, quoted in Handler, ‘Addenda to a Guide’, 282–3. | |
‘natural tendency to extravagance’: Faulks, | |
‘The very building shook at the strange yet sacred joy’: Hinton, | |
‘an inferior social and economic organisation’: Williams, | |
‘perhaps as disgraceful a portion of history as the whole course of time can afford’: Southey to John May, 7 March 1824, Southey, |
Epilogue
‘Jamaican history is characteristic’: quoted in Thomson, | |
‘miserabell Negros borne to perpetuall slavery they and Thayer seed’: Whistler, | |
‘spel very prettily and repeat the Creed and Lords prayer’: Klingberg, | |
Sir Simon Codrington reported: | |
falling to a nadir of 5,000 tons: Deerr, | |
shrank from over 500 to just 77: Thomson, | |
‘The island has always been and still is run for the whites’: Albert Edwards, |
Abbreviations
CUP | Cambridge University Press |
HUP | Harvard University Press |
JBMHS | Journal of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society |
JCH | The Journal of Caribbean History |
OUP | Oxford University Press |
UNCP | University of North Carolina Press |
UWIP | University of the West Indies Press |
WMQ | William and Mary Quarterly |
YUP | Yale University Press |
‘A. B.’
A Brief relation of the beginning and ending of the troubles of the Barbados
. London, 1653
Acts of Assembly, Passed in the Charibbee Leeward Islands.
London, 1734
Acts of Assembly passed in the Island of Barbados, 1648–1718.
London, 1732
Adams, John.
Novangulus, and Massachusettensis, or Political Essays Published in the Years
1774 and 1775.
Boston: Hews & Goss, 1819
Alexander, Boyd.
England’s Wealthiest Son: A Study of William Beckford.
London: Centaur Press Ltd., 1962
Amussen, Susan Dwyer.
Caribbean Exchanges: Slavery and the Transformation of English Society, 1640–1700.
Chapel Hill, NC: UNCP, 2007
Andrews, Evangeline W., and Charles M., eds.
Journal of a Lady of Quality.
New Haven, Conn., 1923
Anon.
A full Account of the Late Dreadful Earthquake at Port Royal in Jamaica, Written in two Letters from the Minister of that Place
. London, 1692 Anon.
A State of the Present Condition of the Island of Barbadoes
. London,
c
. 1698
Anon.
A State of the Trade carried on with the French on the Island of Hispaniola.
London, 1760
Anon.
A True and Perfect Relation of that … terrible Earthquake in Port-Royal Jamaica.
London, 1692
Anon. ‘Biographical Sketch of William Beckford, Esq.’
Monthly Mirror
(May 1799): 259–64
Anon.
Bloudy Newes from the Barbadoes.
London, 1652
Anon. ‘From aboard the Rainbow in Carlisle Bay’.
Mercurius Politicus
no. 90, (1652)
Anon.
Great Newes from the Barbadoes
. London, 1676
Anon.
Interesting Tracts, Relating to the Island of Jamaica.
St Jago de la Vega, Jamaica: Lewis, Lunan and Jones, 1800
Anon.
Letters Concerning the English Expedition into the Spanish West Indies in 1655
. Rawlison Mss. D. 1208. fol. 62, Bodleian Library; reprinted in Firth,
Narrative of General Venables
, 127–43
Anon.
Some Memoirs of the first Settlement of the Island of Barbados.
Bridgetown, 1741
Anon.
Some Observation, Which May Contribute to Afford a Just Idea of Our West-India Colonies.
London, 1764
Anon.
The truest and largest account of the late Earthquake in Jamaica, June the 7th, 1692. Written by a Reverend Divine there to his Friend in London.
London, 1693
Appleby, John C. ‘English Settlement in the Lesser Antilles during War and Peace, 1603–1660’. In Paquette and Engerman.
Lesser Antilles in the Age of European Expansion.
86–104
Archer, James Henry Lawrence.
Monumental Inscriptions.
London: Chatto & Windus, 1875
Armitage, D.
The Ideological Roots of the British Empire.
Cambridge: CUP, 2000
Armitage, David and Braddick, Michael J., eds.
The British Atlantic World, 1500–1800.
Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002
Armstrong, Douglas.
The Old Village and the Great House.
Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1990
Ashcroft, Michael. ‘Robert Charles Dallas’.
Jamaica Journal
44 (1980): 94–101
Aspinall, Algernon.
West Indian Tales of Old
. London: Duckworth & Co., 1912
Atkins, John.
A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West Indies.
London, 1735
Bailyn, Bernard.
The New England Merchants in the Seventeenth Century.
Cambridge, Mass.: HUP, 1955
Bailyn, Bernard, and Morgan, Philip D.
Strangers within the Realm: Cultural Margins of the First British Empire.
Chapel Hill, NC: UNCP, 1991
Bartlett, John Russell.
History of the Wanton family of Newport.
Providence: S.S. Rider, 1878
——— ed.
Records of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations in New England.
10 vols. Providence, 1856–65
Baxter, Richard.
A Christian Directory.
London, 1673
Beckford, William.
Descriptive Account of Jamaica
. 2 vols. London: T. & J. Egerton, 1790
———
Remarks upon the Situation of Negroes in Jamaica.
London: T. & J. Egerton, 1788
Beckles, Hilary M.
Black Rebellion in Barbados.
Bridgetown, Barbados: Antilles Publications, 1984
——— ‘The Economic Origins of Black Slavery in the British West Indies, 1640–1680: A Tentative Analysis of the Barbados Model’.
JCH
16 (1982): 36–56
——— ‘English Parliamentary Debate on “White Slavery” in Barbados, 1659’.
JBMHS
36:4 (1982): 344–52
———
The History of Barbados: From Amerindian Settlement to Nation State.
Cambridge: CUP, 1990
——— ‘The “Hub of Empire”: the Caribbean and Britain in the Seventeenth Century’. In Canny, ed.
Origins of Empire
, 218–40
———
Inside Slavery: Process and Legacy in the Caribbean Experience
. Kingston: Canoe Press, UWI, 1996
——— ‘Land Distribution and Class Formation in Barbados, 1630–1700: The Rise of a Wage Proletariat’.
JBMHS
36:2 (1980): 136–43
——— ‘Sugar and White Servitude: An Analysis of Indentured Labour during the Sugar Revolution of Barbados, 1643–1655’.
JBMHS
36:3 (1981): 236–47
———
White Servitude and Black Slavery in Barbados, 1627–1715
. Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 1989
Beer, George Louis.
British Colonial Policy, 1764–65.
London: Macmillan, 1907
Behn, Aphra.
Oroonoko: or the Royal Slave, A true History.
London: Will. Canning, 1698
Belgrove, William.
A Treatise on Husbandry or Planting.
Boston: D. Fowle, 1755
Bell, Sir H. Hesketh. ‘The Caribs of Dominica’.
JBMHS
5 (Nov. 1937): 18–31
Benezet, Anthony.
A Caution to Great Britain and her Colonies
… Philadelphia: Henry Miller, 1766
Bennett, Hazel and Sherlock, Philip M.
The Story of the Jamaican People.
Kingston: Ian Randle, 1998
Bennett, J. H.
Bondsmen and Bishops, Slavery and Apprenticeship on the Codrington Plantations of Barbados 1710–1838.
Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1958
