The Sun King

NANCY MITFORD (1904–1973) was born into the British aristocracy and, by her own account, brought up without an education, except in riding and French. She managed a London bookshop during the Second World War, then moved to Paris, where she began to write her celebrated and successful novels, among them
The Pursuit of Love
and
Love in a Cold Climate
, about the foibles of the English upper class. Nancy Mitford was also the author of four biographies:
Madame de Pompadour
(1954; available as an NYRB Classic),
Voltaire in Love
(1957),
The Sun King
(1966), and
Frederick the Great
(1970). In 1967 Mitford moved from Paris to Versailles, where she lived until her death from Hodgkin's disease.

PHILIP MANSEL is the author of six books dealing with French history, including a life of Louis XVIII (1981),
The Court of France, 1789–1830
(1989) and
Paris Between Empires
(2001). He is currently at work on a life of Louis XIV.

Louis XIV at Versailles

NANCY MITFORD

Introduction by

PHILIP MANSEL

NEW YORK REVIEW BOOKS

New York

Biographical Notes

Title

INTRODUCTION

THE SUN KING

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

1. THE HOUSE

2. THE BUILDERS

3. THE MORTEMARTS

4. THE ENVELOPE

5. THE GOVERNESS

6. POISON

7. A CITY OF THE RICH

8. THE GRAND DAUPHIN

9. THE QUEEN'S STAIRCASE

10. THE YOUNG GENERATION

11. THE NEW RÉGIME

12. THE FACULTY

13. SAINT-CYR, THE SCHOOL

14. SAINT-CYR, THE CONVENT

15. LORD PORTLAND'S EMBASSY

16. THE TURN OF THE CENTURY

17. MOURNING

18. MARTIAL NOISES OFF

19. THREE IN ELEVEN MONTHS

20. THE END

SOURCES

INDEX

Copyright and More Information

On October 16, 1928, Nancy Mitford wrote to her brother Tom: “Have you been to Versailles yet? It is my spiritual home and at this time of year is the most divinely melancholy place in the world.” The passion revealed in these words found its finest expression in the publication in 1966—thirty-eight years later—of
The Sun King
. An ideal marriage of author, subject, and format, on publication it sold 250,000 copies, was translated into seven languages (including French) and has never been out of print in England.

Versailles was more than a royal palace. It was also a seat of government; a national job center and social security office, distributing hundreds of appointments and pensions; an information center receiving couriers from throughout Europe; a year-round reception, ball, concert, and fashion parade; a marriage market and finishing school; and a hub of creativity inspiring music, plays, operas, letters, diaries, and memoirs (by, in the reign of Louis XIV, among many others Lully, Rameau, Racine, Molière, Madame de Sévigné, and the Duc de Saint-Simon). In addition to staterooms and hundreds of apartments, it also housed the royal family's art collections and scientific laboratories; a chapel, where the king attended religious services most days of the year; kitchens serving hundreds of meals; and vendors' stalls. Its outbuildings contained the ministries of war and foreign affairs, guards' barracks, stables, riding schools, and hunt kennels. The palace was surrounded on the east by parade grounds for the king's household troops and court officials' houses, on the west by a sweep of gardens and parks. Versailles also functioned, as preachers in the chapel often lamented, as a gambling den and a brothel.

To this multidimensional universe, more varied and stimulating than the Internet today, Mitford brought her novelist's interest in human nature and physical detail; her gift for narrative and entertainment; and the passion for “that celestial land,” France, which had been one reason for her move from London to Paris in 1946, and which drives her books
Madame de Pompadour
(1954) and
Voltaire in Love
(1957) and her novels
The
Blessing
(1951) and
Don't Tell Alfred
(1960). The other reason was her love for the French politician, and confidant of de Gaulle, Gaston Palewski.

Reproducing many phrases culled from contemporary letters and memoirs, Mitford begins with the king's love affair with Louise de La Vallière, which helped spur him to visit Versailles in the 1660s. She then describes the subsequent mistresses going up and down “the Queen's staircase.” Madame de Maintenon, “the Governess,” whose combination of piety, world-liness, poor judgment, disloyalty towards friends, and mismanagement of the girls' school that she founded at Saint-Cyr, is analyzed with distaste. One chapter, “The Faculty,” describes the incompetent doctors under whom, then as now, while “the strong survive; the weak, after much suffering and expense both of money and spirit, die.” She does not neglect the royal artists Le Vau and Le Brun and the gardener Le Nôtre, nor the king's rival ministers Colbert and Louvois. Separate chapters are devoted to “the younger generation” of the king's bastards, cousins, and nephew. “Three in eleven months” describes the deaths of the king's son the Dauphin and his grandson and granddaughter-in-law, the Duc and Duchesse de Bourgogne in 1711–12. Throughout the book Mitford shows that the court of Versailles consisted not just of the king and his family and friends but of an entire society of ministers, diplomats, officers, preachers, gardeners, and other professions: a microcosm of France. Below the appearances of deference, they could manipulate as well as serve the king.

Physical details are telling. While the king, “the viceroy of the Almighty,” faced the altar as he worshipped God in the chapel, the courtiers stared at the king. The king held a stick across a door in Saint-Cyr, only lowered for those who had truly been invited to a performance of Racine's play
Esther
in January 1689. The princes of the House of Condé became so physically small and mentally strange that they resembled “little black beetles.” “The melancholy smiles of Mary of Modena” were the only satisfactions Louis XIV derived from his decision to recognize her son “the Old Pretender” as king of England. The opening sentence is famous: “Louis XIV fell in love with Versailles and Louise de La Vallière at the same time; Versailles was the love of his life.”

Mitford describes Versailles, correctly, as “a shop window, a permanent exhibition of French goods,” which “made an enormous contribution to
French supremacy in the arts.” The hereditary system for offices, from ministers to gardeners, was its foundation: “he built the greatest palace on earth but it always remained the home of a young man, grand without being pompous, full of light and air and cheerfulness—a country house.” She describes the Galerie des Glaces as the palace's “main street” or “market place.” Not all readers, however, will agree that this gallery, which contains more images of the monarch it glorifies than any other, is “one of the beauties of the western world.”

If she idealizes the palace, it is not true that she idealizes Louis XIV. She describes him as “a man of iron,” unbowed by deaths or defeats. He was secretive, ruthless, indifferent to the sufferings of peasants and galley slaves, capable of inspiring terror and making blunders such as the revocation of the Edict of Nantes and the imposition of the papal bull Unigenitus on the French bishops. “Hardly had he assembled his most interesting and important subjects under his roof than he retired into almost private life with an ageing spouse [Madame de Maintenon] and her circle of excellent nonentities”—although Louis XIV's private life still resembled other people's public life.

The text was checked by two historians, John Lough and Ian Dunlop, but there are exaggerations. Lord Portland, sent as ambassador to Louis XIV by William III in 1698, is unlikely, unless he had a very silent marriage, not to have spoken “a word of English.” He preferred French but could understand, and write, English, and his wife, a member of the Villiers family, was English. The place in the order of succession to the throne to which Louis XIV elevated his bastards is exaggerated (they came after, not before, the princes of the blood); and he is absolved, implausibly, from knowledge of the ravaging of the Palatinate. Nevertheless
The Sun King
has helped inspire many other historians of the court, including the author of this introduction.

The original edition of
The Sun King
was also an outstanding early example of the “coffee-table book,” showing, at the appropriate moment in the text, not only photographs of the palace and portraits of its inhabitants but also objects made by Louis XIV's craftsmen, now dispersed to museums or private collections. Thus it revived, in twentieth-century commercial form, the tradition of the royal illustrated book much practiced by the
court it described. The first book to commemorate Versailles had been the volume showing scenes from
Les Plaisirs de l'île enchantée
of 1664, one of the early entertainments organized there by Louis XIV.

The credit, and the original idea for
The Sun King
, are due to the pioneer of book packaging George Rainbird and the “indispensable” picture researcher, Joy Law. Mitford wrote: “the book in its present form would never have seen the light of day but for her.” She became a friend to whom, in gratitude, the author left her house in Versailles.

Versailles, which Mitford had loved so much, also helped to kill her. In 1967, as she had long planned, she moved from Paris to Versailles, to 4 rue d'Artois. In 1969 Gaston Palewski married his mistress of many years, Violette de Talleyrand. She was heiress of a family that had held court offices in Versailles and she owned the magnificent eighteenth-century château of Le Marais, south of Paris. Soon thereafter Mitford developed the rare form of Hodgkin's disease from which she suffered four years of agony until her death, in her house in Versailles, on 30 June 1973. Her strictures on doctors in
The Sun King
proved all too prescient.

Nevertheless
The Sun King
remains, as her friend Harold Acton, another English historian of Bourbons (
The Bourbons of Naples
, 1956;
The Last Bourbons of Naples
, 1961), wrote in his biography of Nancy Mitford, “the most entertaining introduction to its subject in English.” Like much else in English history and culture (for example, the Wallace Collection of French pictures and furniture in London, or the career of her great-uncle Sir Winston Churchill),
The Sun King
also shows that Francophilia is just as English as Francophobia.

—P
HILIP
M
ANSEL

Dedicated to Raymond Mortimer

The author's grateful thanks are due to Mr Raymond Mortimer, Comte Jean de Baglion, Mr Ian Dunlop and Professor John Lough for kindly reading and advising upon the text. M. Gerard van der Kemp, Conservateur en Chef at Versailles; M. Jean Féray, Inspecteur Général des Beaux Arts; Mme Chantal Coural of the Conservation at Versailles; Prince Clary; Mr Francis Watson, Director of the Wallace Collection, London; Mr Tom Wragg, Librarian of Chatsworth; Mr John Hadfield; Mme Gaudin; Miss Irene Clephane; Mrs St John Saunders and the Librarian and staff of the London Library have all given valuable assistance. Comtesse Carl Costa de Beauregard harboured the author for months while the work was in progress. Finally Mrs Joy Law has been indispensable; the book in its present form would never have seen the light of day but for her.