The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy (125 page)

90
Pilkonis et al., ibid.

91
T. Zarle and S. Willis, “A Pre-Group Training Technique for Encounter Group Stress,”
Journal of Counseling Psychology
22 (1975): 49–53.

92
T. Curran, “Increasing Motivation to Change in Group Treatment,”
Small Group Behavior
9 (1978): 337–48.

93
J. Steuer et al., “Cognitive Behavior and Psychodynamic Group Psychotherapy in Treatment of Geriatric Depression,”
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
52 (1984): 180–89.

94
O. Farrell, T. Cutter, and F. Floyd, “Evaluating Marital Therapy for Male Alcoholics,”
Behavior Therapy
16 (1985): 147–67.

95
Curran, “Increasing Motivation to Change.”

96
M. Cartwright, “Brief Reports: A Preparatory Method for Group Counseling,”
Journal of Counseling Psychology
23 (1976): 75–77.

97
A. Hare, “A Study of Interaction and Consensus in Different Sized Groups,”
American Social Review
17 (1952): 261–67.

98
C. Taft, C. Murphy, J. Elliott, and T. Morrel, “Attendance Enhancing Procedures in Group Counseling for Domestic Abusers,”
Journal of Counseling Psychology
48 (2001): 51–60.

99
Piper and Ogrodniczuk, “Pregroup Training.”

100
I. Gradolph, “The Task-Approach of Groups of Single-Type and Mixed-Type Valency Compositions,” in
Emotional Dynamics and Group Culture,
ed. D. Stock and H. Thelen (New York: New York University Press, 1958), 127–30. D. Stock and W. Hill, “Intersubgroup Dynamics as a Factor in Group Growth,”
Emotional Dynamics and Group Culture,
ed. D. Stock and H. Thelen (New York: New York University Press, 1958), 207–21.

101
Piper (Piper & Perrault 1989) suggests that clients tend to drop out of therapy groups if they receive no pretherapy preparation because of excessive anxiety: that is, they did not have the opportunity to extinguish anxiety by experiencing controlled modulation of anxiety in the presence of experienced leaders. R. Curtis, “Self-Organizing Processes, Anxiety, and Change,”
Journal of Psychotherapy Integration
2 (1992): 295–319.

102
R. White, “Motivation Reconsidered: The Concept of Competence,”
Psychological Review
66 (1959): 297–333.

103
B. Rauer and J. Reitsema, “The Effects of Varied Clarity of Group Goal and Group Path Upon the Individual and His Relation to His Group,”
Human Relations
10 (1957): 29–45. A. Cohen, “Situational Structure, Self-Esteem, and Threat-Oriented Reactions to Power,” in
Studies in Social Power,
ed. D. Cartwright (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Research Center for Group Dynamics, 1959), 35–52. A. Goldstein, K. Heller, and L. Sechrest,
Psychotherapy and the Psychology of Behavior Change
(New York: Wiley, 1966), 405.

104
Goldstein et al., ibid., 329. E. Murray, “A Content Analysis for Study in Psychotherapy,”
Psychological Monographs
70 (1956).

105
Beahrs and Gutheil, “Informed Consent.”

106
American Psychological Association,
Ethical Principles of Psychologists and the Code of Conduct
(Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1992).

107
American Psychiatric Association,
The Principles of Medical Ethics with Annotations Especially Applicable to Psychiatry
(Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 1998), 24.

108
E. Aronson and J. Mills, “The Effect of Severity of Initiation on Liking for a Group,”
Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology
59 (1959): 177–81. R. Cialdini, “Harnessing the Science of Persuasion,”
Harvard Business Review
79 (2001): 72–79.

CHAPTER 11

1
B. Tuckman, “Developmental Sequences in Small Groups,”
Psychological Bulletin
63 (1965): 384–99. Tuckman’s third stage—“norming”—refers to the development of group cohesion. His fourth stage—“performing”—refers to the emergence of insight and functional role-relatedness.

2
K. MacKenzie, “Clinical Application of Group Development Ideas,”
Group Dynamics
:
Theory, Research and Practice
1 (1997): 275–87. Y. Agazarian and S. Gantt, “Phases of Group Development: Systems-centered Hypotheses and Their Implications for Research and Practice,”
Group Dynamics: Theory, Research and Practice
7 (2003): 238–52. S. Wheelan, B. Davidson and F. Tilin, “Group Development Across Time: Reality or Illusion?”
Small Group Research
34 (2003): 223–45. G. Burlingame, K. MacKenzie, B. Strauss, “Small-Group Treatment: Evidence for Effectiveness and Mechanisms of Change,” in Bergin and Garfield’s
Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change
, 5th ed., ed. M. Lambert (New York: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2004), 647–96.

3
D. Kivlighan and D. Mullison, “Participants’ Perception of Therapeutic Factors in Group Counseling: The Role of Interpersonal Style and Stage of Group Development,”
Small Group Behavior
19 (1988): 452–68. D. Kivlighan and R. Lilly, “Developmental Changes in Group Climate as They Relate to Therapeutic Gain,”
Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice
1 (1997): 208–21.

4
S. Wheelan, “Group Development and the Practice of Group Psychotherapy,”
Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice
1 (1997): 288–93. S. Wheelan, D. Murphy, E. Tsumura, and S. Fried-Kline, “Member Perceptions of Internal Group Dynamics and Productivity,”
Small Group Research
29 (1998): 371–93. Wheelan and Hochberger developed and validated the Group Development Questionnaire (GDQ) as a measure of group development in work and task groups. The GDQ, a self-report measure, consists of a series of questions that fall into four domains: (1) dependency/inclusion; (2) counterdependence /flight; (3) trust/structure; and (4) work/productivity. The GDQ has not been applied to psychotherapy groups to date, but it holds promise in this regard (S. Wheelan and J. Hochberger, “Validation Studies of the Group Development Questionnaire,”
Small Group Research
27 [1996]: 143–70).

5
L. Murphy, M. Leszcz, A. Collings, and J. Salvendy, “Some Observations on the Subjective Experience of Neophyte Group Therapy Trainees,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
46 (1996): 543–52.

6
R. Kamm, “Group Dynamics and Athletic Success,” presented at the annual meeting of the American Group Psychotherapy Association, New York City, February, 27, 2004.

7
C. Kieffer, “Phases of Group Development: A View from Self-Psychology,”
Group
25 (2002): 91–105.

8
P. Flores, “Addiction as an Attachment Disorder: Implications for Group Therapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
51 (2001): 63–82.

9
M. Ettin, “From Identified Patient to Identifiable Group: The Alchemy of the Group as a Whole,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
50 (2000): 137–62. Kieffer, “Phases of Group Development.”

10
I. Harwood, “Distinguishing Between the Facilitating and Self-Serving Charismatic Group Leader,”
Group
27 (2003): 121–29.

11
S. Freud,
Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego
, in Standard Edition, vol. 18 (London: Hogarth Press, 1955), 67–143.

12
C. Rich and F. Pitts Jr., “Suicide by Psychiatrists: A Study of Medical Specialists Among 18,730 Consecutive Physician Deaths During a Five-Year Period, 1967–72,”
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
41 (1980): 261–63. E. Frank, H. Biola, and C. Burnett, “Mortality Rates Among U.S. Physicians,”
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
19 (2000): 155–59.

13
J. Ogrodniczuk and W. Piper, “The Effect of Group Climate on Outcome in Two Forms of Short-Term Group Therapy,”
Group Dynamics: Theory, Research and Practice
7 (1): 64–76.

14
W. Schutz,
The Interpersonal Underworld
(Palo Alto, Calif.: Science and Behavior Books, 1966), 24. K. Roy MacKenzie and W. John Livesley, “A Developmental Model for Brief Group Therapy,” in
Advances in Group Therapy
, ed. R. Dies and K. Roy MacKenzie (New York: International Universities Press, 1983), 101–16. Tuckman, “Developmental Sequences in Small Groups.”

15
G. Bach,
Intensive Group Psychotherapy
(New York: Ronald Press, 1954), 95.

16
P. Slater,
Microcosm
(New York: Wiley, 1966).

17
S. Freud,
Totem and Taboo,
in S. Freud,
Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud,
vol. 13 (London: Hogarth Press, 1953), 1–161.

18
S. Freud,
Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego
, in S. Freud,
Standard Edition,
vol. 18 (London: Hogarth Press, 1955), 123.

19
W. Bennis, “Patterns and Vicissitudes in T-Group Development,” in
T-Group Theory and Laboratory Method: Innovation in Re-Education
, ed. L. Bradford, J. Gibb, and K. Benne (New York: Wiley, 1964), 248–78.

20
T. Mills, personal communication, April 1968.

21
Tuckman, “Developmental Sequences in Small Groups.” I. Harwood, “Distinguishing Between the Facilitating and Self-Serving Charismatic Group Leader,”
Group
27 (2003): 121–29.

22
Murphy et al., “Some Observations on the Subjective Experience.”

23
N. Harpaz, “Failures in Group Psychotherapy: The Therapist Variable,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
44 (1994): 3–19. M. Leszcz, “Discussion of Failures in Group Psychotherapy: The Therapist Variable,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
44 (1994): 25–31.

24
S. Scheidlinger, “Presidential Address: On Scapegoating in Group Psychotherapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
32 (1982): 131–43. A. Clark, “Scapegoating: Dynamics and Interventions in Group Counseling,”
Journal of Counseling and Development
80 (2002): 271–76.

25
E. Schein and W. Bennis,
Personal and Organizational Change Through Group Methods
(New York: Wiley, 1965), 275.

26
S. Hayes, “Acceptance, Mindfulness and Science,”
Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
9 (2002): 101–06. A. Wells, “GAD, Metacognition, and Mindfulness: An Information Processing Analysis,”
Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
9 (2002): 95–100.

27
Bennis, “Patterns and Vicissitudes.”

28
F. Taylor, “The Therapeutic Factors of Group-Analytic Treatment,”
Journal of Mental Science
96 (1950): 976–97.

29
R. Shellow, J. Ward, and S. Rubenfeld, “Group Therapy and the Institutionalized Delinquent,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
8 (1958): 265–75.

30
D. Whitaker and M. Lieberman,
Psychotherapy Through the Group Process
(New York: Atherton Press, 1964). M. Grotjahn, “The Process of Maturation in Group Psychotherapy and in the Group Therapist,”
Psychiatry
13 (1950): 63–67. MacKenzie and Livesley, “A Developmental Model.”

31
J. Abrahams, “Group Psychotherapy: Implications for Direction and Supervision of Mentally Ill Patients,” in
Mental Health in Nursing
, ed. T. Muller (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University Press, 1949), 77–83.

32
J. Thorpe and B. Smith, “Phases in Group Development in Treatment of Drug Addicts,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
3 (1953): 66–78.

33
A. Beck and L. Peters, “The Research Evidence for Distributed Leadership in Therapy Groups,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
31 (1981): 43–71. R. Josselson, “The Space Between in Group Psychotherapy: A Multidimensional Model of Relationships,”
Group
27 (2003): 203–19.

34
Schutz,
The Interpersonal Underworld,
170.

35
I. Janis,
Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes
, 2nd ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982). G. Hodson and R. Sorrentino, “Groupthink and Uncertainty Orientation: Personality Differences in Reactivity to the Group Situation,”
Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice
1 (1997): 144–55.

36
G. Burlingame, K. MacKenzie, B. Strauss, “Small-Group Treatment.”

37
S. Drescher, G. Burlingame, and A. Fuhriman, “An Odyssey in Empirical Understanding,”
Small Group Behavior
16 (1985): 3–30.

38
I. Altman, A. Vinsel, and B. Brown, cited in K. MacKenzie, “Group Development,” in
Handbook of Group Psychotherapy
, ed. A. Fuhriman and G. Burlingame (New York: Wiley, 1994), 223–68.

39
D. Barker, “The Behavioral Analysis of Interpersonal Intimacy in Group Development,”
Small Group Research
22 (1991): 76–91.

40
D. Kivlighan and R. Lilly, “Developmental Changes in Group Climate.” L. Castonguay, A. Pincers, W. Agrees, C. Hines, “The Role of Emotion in Group Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Binge Eating Disorder: When Things Have to Feel Worse Before They Get Better,”
Psychotherapy Research
8 (1998): 225–38.

41
D. Hamburg, personal communication, 1978.

42
M. Nitsun,
The Anti-Group: Destructive Forces in the Group and Their Creative Potential
(London: Routledge, 1996). M. Nitsun, “The Future of the Group,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
50 (2000): 455–72.