The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy (122 page)

76
M. Parloff, “Therapist-Patient Relationships and Outcome of Psychotherapy,”
Journal of Consulting Psychology
25 (1961): 29–38.

77
R. Heslin and D. Dunphy, “Three Dimensions of Member Satisfaction in Small Groups,”
Human Relations
17 (1964): 99–112.

78
Frank, “Some Determinants.”E. Ends and C. Page, “Group Psychotherapy and Psychological Changes,”
Psychological Monographs
73 (1959): 480.

CHAPTER 9

1
D. Waltman and D. Zimpfer, “Composition, Structure, and the Duration of Treatment,”
Small Group Behavior
19 (1988): 171–84.

2
P. Costa and R. McCrae, “Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI),”
Professional Manual
(Odessa, Fla.: Psychological Assessment Resources, 1992).

3
M. First et al., “DSM-IV and Behavioral Assessment,”
Behavioral Assessment
14 (1992): 297–306. J. Shedler and D. Westen, “Refining Personality Disorder Diagnosis: Integrating Science and Practice,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
161 (2004): 1350–65. The chief architect of the DSM, Robert Spitzer, chronicles the challenges of developing the DSM in an interview with Alix Spiegel in the January 3, 2005, issue of
The New Yorker
.

4
P. Crits-Christoph and M. Connolly Gibbon, “Review of W. Piper, A. Joyce, M. McCallum, H. Azim, and J. Ogrodniczuk,
Interpersonal and Supportive Psychotherapies: Matching Therapy and Patient Personality,
”
Psychotherapy Research
13 (2003): 117–19.

5
W. Piper, “Client Variables,” in
Handbook of Group Psychotherapy
, ed. A. Fuhriman and G. Burlingame (New York: Wiley, 1994): 83–113.

6
W. Piper and M. Marrache, “Selecting Suitable Patients: Pretraining for Group Therapy as a Method for Group Selection,”
Small Group Behavior
12 (1981): 459–74. Group behavior was measured by the Hill Interaction Matrix, W. Hill,
Hill Interactional Matrix
(Los Angeles: Youth Studies Center, University of Southern California, 1965).

7
As DSM-IV-TR states, “A common misconception is that a classification of mental disorders classifies people, when actually what are being classified are disorders that people have” (
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
, 4th ed., rev. American Psychiatric Association, 2000, xxxi).

8
A. Camus,
The Fall
(New York: Knopf, 1956).

9
J. Deer and A. Silver, “Predicting Participation and Behavior in Group Therapy from Test Protocols,”
Journal of Clinical Psychology
18 (1962): 322–25. C. Zimet, “Character Defense Preference and Group Therapy Interaction,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
3 (1960): 168–75. E. Borgatta and A. Esclenbach, “Factor Analysis of Rorschach Variable and Behavior Observation,”
Psychological Reports
3 (1955): 129–36.

10
T. Miller, “The Psychotherapeutic Utility of the Five-Factor Model of Personality: A Clinician’s Experience,”
Journal of Personality Assessment
57 (1991): 415–33.

11
K. Menninger, M. Mayman, and P. Pruyser,
The Vital Balance
(New York: Viking Press, 1963).

12
M. Seligman, “The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy: The Consumer Reports Study,”
American Psychologist
50 (1995): 965–74.

13
L. Beutler, “Predictors of Differential Response to Cognitive, Experiential, and Self-Directed Psychotherapeutic Procedures,”
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
59 (1991): 333–40.

14
H. Hoberman, P. Lewinson, and M. Tilson, “Group Treatment of Depression: Individual Predictors of Outcome,”
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
56 (1988): 393–98.

15
S. Joure et al., “Differential Change Among Sensitivity-Training Participants as a Function of Dogmatism,”
Journal of Psychology
80 (1972): 151–56.

16
R. Harrison and B. Lubin, “Personal Style, Group Composition, and Learning: Part 2,”
Journal of Applied Behavioral Science
1 (1965): 294–301.

17
C. Crews and J. Melnick, “The Use of Initial and Delayed Structure in Facilitating Group Development,”
Journal of Consulting Psychology
23 (1976): 92–98.

18
P. Kilmann and R. Howell, “The Effects of Structure of Marathon Group Therapy and Locus of Control on Therapeutic Outcome,”
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
42 (1974): 912.

19
R. Robinson, “The Relationship of Dimension of Interpersonal Trust with Group Cohesiveness, Group Status, and Immediate Outcome in Short-Term Group Counseling,”
Dissertation Abstracts
40 (1980): 5016-B.

20
J. Melnick and G. Rose, “Expectancy and Risk-Taking Propensity: Predictors of Group Performance,”
Small Group Behavior
10 (1979): 389–401. Melnick and Rose demonstrated, in a well-designed experiment involving five undergraduate student experiential groups, that social risk-taking propensity was significantly predictive of therapeutically appropriate self-disclosure, risk-taking behavior, and high verbal activity in the group sessions.

21
K. Horney,
Neurosis and Human Growth
(New York: Norton, 1950).

22
J. Bowlby,
Attachment and Loss
, vol. 1,
Attachment
(New York: Basic Books, 1969); vol. 2,
Separation
(1973); vol. 3,
Loss
(1980). C. George, N. Kaplan, and M. Main,
Adult Attachment Interview,
3rd ed. Unpublished manuscript, University of California at Berkeley, 1996. J. Cassidy ad J. Mohr, “Unsolvable Fear, Trauma, and Psychopathology: Theory, Research, and Clinical Considerations Related to Disorganized Attachment Across the Life Span,”
Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
8 (2001): 275–98.

23
R. Maunder and J. Hunter, “An Integrated Approach to the Formulation and Psychotherapy of Medically Unexplained Symptoms: Meaning and Attachment-Based Intervention,”
American Journal of Psychotherapy
58 (2004): 17–33. E. Chen and B. Mallinckrodt, “Attachment, Group Attraction, and Self-Other Agreement in Interpersonal Circumplex Problems and Perceptions of Group Members,”
Group Dynamics: Therapy, Research and Practice
6 (2002): 311–24.

24
C. Tyrrell, M. Dozier, G. Teague, and R. Fallot, “Effective Treatment Relationships for Persons with Serious Psychiatric Disorders: The Importance of Attachment States of Mind,”
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
67 (1999): 725–33. E. Smith, J. Murphy, and S. Coats, “Attachment and Group Theory and Measurement,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
77 (1999): 94–110.

25
L. Horwitz, S. Rosenberg, B. Baer, G. Ureno, and V. Villasenor, “Inventory of Interpersonal Problems: Psychometric Properties and Clinical Applications,”
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
56 (1988): 885–92. K. MacKenzie and A. Grabovac, “Interpersonal Psychotherapy Group (IPT-G) for Depression,”
Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research
10 (2001): 46–51.

26
Contemporary interpersonal circumplex methodology is built on Leary’s original interpersonal circle (T. Leary,
Interpersonal Diagnosis of Personality
[New York: Ronald Press, 1957]) and bears some similarity to Schutz’s FIRO (Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Inventory)
FIRO-B: Interpersonal Underworld
(Palo Alto, Calif.: Science and Behavior Books, 1966). See M. Gutman and J. Balakrishnan, “Circular Measurement Redux: The Analytical Interpretation of Interpersonal Circle Profile,”
Clinical Psychology Science and Practice
5 (1998): 344–60. This approach provides a visual schema of the individual’s interpersonal style that synthesizes two key interpersonal dimensions: affiliation (ranging from hostile to friendly) and agency or control (ranging from dominant to submissive). Individuals can be described along the lines of hostile, hostile-dominant, hostile-submissive, hostile or friendly, friendly-dominant, friendly-submissive, submissive, respectively.

27
Chen and Mallinckrodt, “Attachment, Group Attraction, and Self-Other Agreement.” R. MacNair-Semands and K. Lese, “Interpersonal Problems and the Perception of Therapeutic Factors in Group Therapy,”
Small Group Research
31 (2000): 158–74.

28
J. Ogrodniczuk, W. Piper, A. Joyce, M. McCallum, and J. Rosie, “NEO–Five Factor Personality Traits as Predictors of Response to Two Forms of Group Psychotherapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
53 (2003): 417–43.

29
P. Costa and R. McCrae, “Normal Personality Assessment in Clinical Practice: The NEO Personality Inventory,”
Psychological Assessment
4 (1992): 5–13. The NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) and its shorter version, the NEO-FFI, are self-report inventories that are easy to administer, reliable, and well validated across cultures. Five personality variables are evaluated: Neuroticism (distress, vulnerability to stress and propensity for shame); Extraversion (verbal, eager to engage, and enthusiastic); Conscientiousness (hard working, committed, able to delay gratification); Openness (embraces the novel and unfamiliar with creativity and imagination); and Agreeableness (trusting, cooperative, altruistic).

30
W. Piper, A. Joyce, J. Rosie, and H. Azim, “Psychological Mindedness, Work and Outcome in Day Treatment,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
44 (1994): 291–311. M. McCallum, W. Piper, and J. Kelly, “Predicting Patient Benefit from a Group-Oriented Evening Treatment Program,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
47 (1997): 291–314. W. Piper, A. Joyce, M. McCallum, H. Azim, and J. Ogrodniczuk,
Interpersonal and Supportive Psychotherapies: Matching Therapy and Patient Personality
(Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 2001). W. Piper, J. Ogrodniczuk, M. McCallum, A. Joyce, and J. Rosie, “Expression of Affect as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Quality of Object Relations and Group Therapy Outcome for Patients with Complicated Grief,”
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
71 (2003): 664–71. M. McCallum, W. Piper, J. Ogrodniczuk, and A. Joyce, “Relationships Among Psychological Mindedness, Alexithymia, and Outcome in Four Forms of Short-Term Psychotherapy,”
Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice
76 (2003): 133–44.

31
Piper, Joyce, Rosie, and Azim, “Psychological Mindedness.”

32
W. Piper et al., “Expression of Affect as a Mediator.” McCallum et al., “Relationships Among Psychological Mindedness, Alexithymia, and Outcome.” M. McCallum, W. Piper, and J. Kelly, “Predicting Patient Benefit from a Group-Oriented Evening Treatment Program,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
47 (1997): 291–314.

33
Piper et al., “Expression of Affect as a Mediator.” J. Ogrodniczuk, W. Piper, M. McCallum, A. Joyce, and J. Rosie, “Interpersonal Predictors of Group Therapy Outcome for Complicated Grief,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
52 (2002): 511–35.

34
S. Sotsky et al., “Patient Predictors of Response to Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy: Findings in the NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
148 (1991): 997–1008. S. Blatt, D. Quinlan, P. Pilkonis, and M. Shea, “Impact of Perfectionism and Need for Approval on the Brief Treatment of Depression: The National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program Revisited,”
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
63 (1995): 125–32.

35
A. Goldstein, K. Heller, and L. Sechrest,
Psychotherapy and the Psychology of Behavior Change
(New York: Wiley, 1966), 329.

36
R. Moos and S. Clemes, “A Multivariate Study of the Patient-Therapist System,”
Journal of Consulting Psychology
31 (1967): 119–30. C. Zimet, “Character Defense Preference and Group Therapy Interaction,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
3 (1960): 168–75. F. Giedt, “Predicting Suitability for Group Therapy,”
American Journal of Psychotherapy
15 (1961): 582–91.

37
Moos and Clemes, “A Multivariate Study.”

38
G. McEvoy and R. Beatty, “Assessment Centers and Subordinate Appraisals of Managers: A Seven-Year Examination of Predictive Validity,”
Personnel Psychology
42 (1989): 37–52. H. Fields, “The Group Interview Test: Its Strength,”
Public Personnel Review
11 (1950): 39–46. Z. Shechtman, “A Group Assessment Procedure as a Predictor of On-the-Job Performance of Teachers,”
Journal of Applied Psychology
77 (1992): 383–87. R. Baker, “Knowing What You’re Looking For: An Outcome-Based Approach to Hiring,”
Leadership Abstracts
13 (2000), Worldwide Web Edition.

39
E. Borgatta and R. Bales, “Interaction of Individuals in Reconstituted Groups,”
Sociometry
16 (1953): 302–20.

40
E. Borgatta and R. Bales, “Task and Accumulation of Experience as Factors in the Interaction of Small Groups,”
Sociometry
16 (1953): 239–52. B. Bass,
Leadership, Psychology, and Organizational Behavior
(New York: Harper & Row, 1960).

41
V. Cerbin, “Individual Behavior in Social Situations: Its Relation to Anxiety, Neuroticism, and Group Solidarity,”
Journal of Experimental Psychology
51 (1956): 161–68.

42
Ibid.

43
R. Cattell, D. Saunders, and G. Stice, “The Dimensions of Syntality in Small Groups,” J
ournal of Social Psychology
28 (1948): 57–78.