The Third Reich at War (136 page)

105
Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 238-9.

106
. Longerich and Pohl,
Ermordung
, 157; see also idem,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 114, and more generally,
Politik
, 421-34 (among other things, emphasizing the intensification of antisemitic propaganda at this time).

107
Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 115. The argument of Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 264, that Stalin would not have been impressed is beside the point; the point was to impress the German population at home.

108
Fr̈hlich (ed.),
Die Tageb̈cher
, II/I. 480-81 (24 September 1941); see also Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 116-17.

109
Fr̈hlich (ed.),
Die Tageb̈cher
, II/I. 481 (24 September 1941).

110
Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 115-17.

111
Klemperer,
I Shall Bear Witness
, 374-98 (23 June-1 July 1941).

112
. Klemperer,
To the Bitter End
, 37 (12 April 1942).

113
Ibid., 33 (31 March 1942), 37 (18 April 1942), 41-2 (23 and 26 April 1942).

114
. Ibid., 65 (6 June 1942).

115
Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 228.

116
. Klemperer,
I Shall Bear Witness
, 414-15 (18, 19 and 20 September 1941), also 424 (9 November 1941).

117
. Ibid., 422 (31 October 1941).

118
. Klemperer,
To the Bitter End
, 11 (6 February 1942).

119
Ibid., 62-3 (2 June 1942).

120
Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 289.

121
. Ibid., 368.

122
Klemperer,
To the Bitter End
, 50-53 (18-19 May 1942).

123
Longerich,
Politik
, 446-8.

124
. Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 121.

125
Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 255-6.

126
Wolf Gruner,
Judenverfolgung in Berlin 1933-1945: Eine Chronologie der Beḧrdenmassnahmen in der Reichshauptstadt
(Berlin, 1996), 84.

127
Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 266-7, gives slightly varying figures; see also Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 117-18. For the mechanics of deportation, and numerous stories of individual deportees, see the extraordinary study by Hans Georg Adler,
Der verwaltete Mensch: Studien zur Deportation der Juden aus Deutschland
(T̈bingen, 1974).

128
Fr̈hlich (ed.),
Die Tageb̈cher
, II/II.340-41 (22 November 1941).

129
. See Stadtarchiv München (ed.),
‘. . . verzogen, unbekannt wohin’: Die erste Deportation von M̈nchner Juden im November 1941
(Zurich, 2000); Dina Porat, ‘The Legend of the Struggle of Jews from the Third Reich in the Ninth Fort Near Kovno, 1941-1942’,
Tel Aviver Jahrbuch f̈r deutsche Geschichte
, 20 (1991), 363-92.

130
. Klemperer,
To the Bitter End
, 6 (1 January 1942).

131
. Ibid., 13 (15 February 1942).

132
. Ibid., 17 (21 February-6 March 1942).

133
Ibid., 25-7 (9-16 March 1942).

134
Ibid., 54-6 (23 May 1942).

135
. Ibid., 81 (24 June 1942) (italics in original).

136
. Ibid., 58 (27 May 1942).

137
. Solmitz,
Tagebuch
, 652, 655, 679 (22 May 1941, 3 June 1941, 13 September 1941).

138
See the general discussion in Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 263-7.

139
. Quoted in Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 119.

140
. Quoted in ibid., 118.

141
Hillgruber (ed.),
Staatsm̈nner und Diplomaten
, I. 664.

142
Fr̈hlich (ed.),
Die Tageb̈cher
II/II. 222 (2 November 1941).

143
. Avraham Tory,
Surviving the Holocaust: The Kovno Ghetto Diary
(Cambridge, 1990).

144
Ibid., 43-60; and Corni,
Hitler’s Ghettos
, 35.

145
Ibid., 31-7.

146
. Thus the persuasive argument of Pohl,
Von der ‘Judenpolitik’ zum Judenmord
, 179; for a survey of the endless debate over the exact dating of a supposed order, see Christopher R. Browning, ‘The Decision-Making Process’, in Dan Stone (ed.),
The Historiography of the Holocaust
(London, 2004), 173-96.

147
. Quoted in Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 23-4.

148
. Christian Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde: Die deutsche Wirtschafts- und Vernichtungspolitik in Weissrussland 1941 bis 1944
(Hamburg, 1999), esp. 683-743, and 1,131-6; for the mentally ill and handicapped, see ibid., 1,067-74.

149
. Herf,
The Jewish Enemy
, 124-7. The speech was subsequently published as a pamphlet,
The Iron Heart
.

150
. Quoted in Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 139; see also J̈rgen Hagemann,
Die Presselenkung im Dritten Reich
(Bonn, 1970), 125, 146 n. 67.

151
Dieter Pohl, ‘Schauplatz Ukraine: Der Massenmord an den Juden im Miliẗrverwaltungsgebiet und im Reichskommissariat 1941-1945’, in Norbert Frei
et al
. (eds.),
Ausbeutung, Vernichtung, ̈ffentlichkeit: Neue Studien zur nationalsozialistischen Lagerpolitik
(Munich, 2000), 135-73. See also Martin Dean,
Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and the Ukraine, 1941-44
(New York, 2000); and Shmuel Spector,
The Holocaust of Volhynian Jews: 1941-1944
(Jerusalem, 1990).

152
Rudolf Ḧss,
Commandant of Auschwitz: The Autobiography of Rudolf Ḧss
(London, 1959 [1951]), 165.

153
. Klee
et al
. (eds.),
‘Those Were the Days’
, 68.

154
Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 122-3.

155
. Quoted in Klee
et al
. (eds.),
‘Those Were the Days’
, 69.

156
. Yitzhak Arad,
Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps
(Bloomington, Ind., 1999 [1987]), 10-11; Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 123; idem,
Politik
, 441-2; further details in Beer, ‘Die Entwicklung der Gaswagen’; killings of mental patients enumerated in Longerich,
Politik
, 403-4.

157
. Peter Witte
et al
. (eds.),
Der Dienstkalender Heinrich Himmlers 1941/42
(Hamburg, 1999), 233-4 (13 October 1941 and note 35). Plans were also drawn up for the construction of killing centres in Riga and Mogilev, though they were never actually built.

158
Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 122-3.

159
Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 314-18; Grojanowski managed to escape, and told his story to Ringelblum in Warsaw, where he arrived in January 1942. See also Gilbert,
The Holocaust
, 502.

160
. Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 123; idem,
Politik
, 443.

161
Quoted in Klee
et al
. (eds.),
‘Those Were the Days’
, 72-4.

162
. Manoschek, ‘Die Vernichtung’, 228-34; also Menachem Schelach, ‘Sajmiste - an Extermination Camp in Serbia’,
Holocaust and Genocide Studies
, 2 (1987), 243-60; further details in Glenny,
The Balkans
, 504-6, and Browning,
The Origins
, 344-6, 421-3.

163
. Mark Roseman,
The Wannsee Conference and the Final Solution: A Reconsideration
(New York, 2002), 81; Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 728-31 n. 193.

164
. Christian Gerlach, ‘Die Wannsee-Konferenz, das Schicksal der deutschen Juden und Hitlers politische Grundsatzentscheidung, alle Juden Europas zu ermorden’,
Werkstatt Geschichte
, 18 (1997), 7-44; Roseman,
The Wannsee Conference
, 86.

165
. Ibid., 86.

166
. Fr̈hlich (ed.),
Die Tageb̈cher
, II/II. 498-9 (13 December 1941); see also Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 138.

167
. Cited in ibid., 139.

168
. Ibid., 140-42.

169
. Pr̈g and Jacobmeyer (eds.),
Das Diensttagebuch
, 457 (16 December 1941).

170
. Ibid., 458.

171
. Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 133; idem,
Politik
, 461-5; Richard J. Evans,
Telling Lies About Hitler: The Holocaust, History and the David Irving Trial
(London, 2002), 84-8.

172
Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 122-37.

173
. Witte
et al
. (eds.),
Der Dienstkalender
, 294.

174
Cited in Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 169-70.

175
Longerich,
Politik
, 447-8, stresses the existence by October 1941 of the
intention
but not a
plan
to exterminate the Jews of Europe; more generally, on the mass killings in the Wartheland and Lublin district see ibid., 450-58.

176
. Roseman,
The Wannsee Conference
, 157-62, reprinting the original minutes of the meeting, usually known as ‘The Wannsee Protocol’. Eberhard J̈ckel, ‘On the Purpose of the Wannsee Conference’, in James S. Pacy and Alan P. Wertheimer (eds.),
Perspectives on the Holocaust: Essays in Honor of Raul Hilberg
(Boulder, Colo., 1995), 39-49, argues that the purpose of the meeting was to convince the participants that Hitler had personally commissioned Heydrich to carry out the genocide, a hypothesis for which there is no convincing evidence.

177
. Roseman,
The Wannsee Conference
, 163-4.

178
. Roseman,
The Wannsee Conference
, 165-72. For the details of the discussions and decisions on ‘mixed-race’ people, see Beate Meyer,
‘J̈dische Mischlinge’: Rassenpolitik und Verfolgungserfahrung 1933-1945
(Hamburg, 1999), 99-101; and Peter Longerich and Dieter Pohl (eds.),
Die Ermordung der europ̈ischen Juden: Eine umfassende Dokumentation des Holocaust 1941-1945
(Munich, 1989), 167-9.

179
. Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 476.

180
. Roseman,
The Wannsee Conference
, 136-40.

181
. Longerich,
Politik
, 476-82; Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 531-3.

182
. Eichmann trial, 26 June 1961, 24 July 1961, quoted in Roseman,
The Wannsee Conference
, 144. For the view that the reference to road construction schemes was metaphorical, standing for slave labour of all kinds, see Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 342.

183
Roseman,
The Wannsee Conference
, 136-40.

184
Ibid., 144-5, 148.

185
Ibid., 149-50.

186
. Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 143 - 8.

187
Domarus (ed.),
Hitler
, IV. 1,828-9 (30 January 1942).

188
Jochmann (ed.),
Adolf Hitler
, 227-9.

189
Longerich,
Der ungeschriebene Befehl
, 138-42.

190
Fr̈hlich (ed.),
Die Tageb̈cher
, II/III. 320-21 (15 February 1942).

191
. Ibid. II/III. 561 (27 March 1942).

192
. Ibid.

193
. Domarus (ed.),
Hitler
, IV. 1,869.

194
Fr̈hlich (ed.),
Die Tageb̈cher
, II/IV. 184 (27 April 1942). For the so-called ‘Schlegelberger Note’, an undated memorandum reporting Hitler’s repeated insistence to Lammers that the Jewish problem would only be solved after the war, see Evans,
Telling Lies
, 89-94. If, as the document’s place in the file suggests, the memorandum dated from the spring of 1942, then it either referred to the specific problem of ‘mixed-race’ people and ‘half-Jews’ or it expressed Hitler’s belief that the completion of the ‘final solution’ would only occur after the end of the war, an event which at this time was still expected within the year.

195
. Quoted in Herf,
The Jewish Enemy
, 155.

196
Fr̈hlich (ed.),
Die Tageb̈cher
, II/IV. 350 (24 May 1942).

197
. Ibid., 355.

198
. Ibid., 406 (30 May 1942).

199
Roseman,
The Wannsee Conference
, 152-5.

200
. Quoted in Berenstein
et al
. (eds.),
Faschismus
, 296; cf. also Evans,
Telling Lies
, 96.

201
. Wolf Gruner,
Widerstand in der Rosenstrasse: Die Fabrik-Aktion und die Verfolgung der Mischehen 1943
(Frankfurt am Main, 2005); idem, ‘Die Fabrik-Aktion und die Ereignisse in der Berliner Rosenstrasse: Fakten und Fiktionen um den 27. Februar 1943’,
Jahrbuch f̈r Antisemitismusforschung
, 11 (2002), 137-77. For the legend in its classical version, see Nathan Stoltzfus,
Resistance of the Heart: Intermarriage and the Rosenstrasse Protest in Nazi Germany
(New York, 1996), 209-58 (relying heavily on oral history interviews).