The Tin Ticket: The Heroic Journey of Australia's Convict Women (42 page)

Chapter 2: Crown of Thieves

1
Charles Dickens,
Sketches by Boz
(London: Everyone’s Library, 1968), 241.

2
Heather Shore,
Artful Dodgers: Youth and Crime in Early 19th-Century London
(Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 1999), 7.

3
Henry Mayhew and Others,
The London Underworld in the Victorian Period: Authentic First-Person Accounts by Beggars, Thieves and Prostitutes
(Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2005), 122.

4
Alasdair Cameron, “Popular Entertainment in Nineteenth-Century Glasgow: Background and Context for the Waggle o’ the Kilt Exhibition,”
A Companion to an Exhibition Drawn from the Scottish Theatre Archive and Featuring the Jimmy Logan Collection, Held in the Upper Hall, Hunterian Museum, 7th December 1992-20th February 1993
,
http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/SESLL/STELLA/STARN/crit/WAGGLE/popular.htm
.

5
John MacGibbon,
Going Abroad
(Wellington, New Zealand: Ngaio Press, 1997), 43.

6
Ibid.

7
“Glasgow Broadside Ballads: Cheap Print and Popular Song Culture in Nineteenth-Century Scotland,” Special Collections Department, Library, University of Glasgow, Scotland,
http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/teach/ballads/
.

8
MacGibbon,
Going Abroad
, 43-44.

9
Archibald R. Adamson,
Rambles Round Kilmarnock
(T. Bibliobazaar; first published in 1875), 137.

10
Archibald M’Kay,
The History of Kilmarnock
(BiblioLife; first published in 1848), 11.

11
Scottish Record Office, Reference JC26/671.

12
“Kilmarnock with the Villages of Riccarton and Kilmaurs Ayrshire,” Directory, 1837, by Pigot & Co.,
http://www.maybole.org/history/Archives/1837directory/kilmarnock.htm
.

13
Ibid.

14
Scottish Record Office, Reference JC26/671.

15
Mayhew,
The London Underworld in the Victorian Period
, 118-119.

16
Scottish Record Office, Reference JC26/671.

17
Ibid.

18
Ibid.

19
M’Kay,
The History of Kilmarnock
, 170.

20
The Green Guide to Scotland
(Watford, Herts, UK: Michelin Travel Publications, 2000), 72.

21
Ayrshire Roots Towns, “Ayr: The Burgh of Newton, The Parish of St Quivox, & Monktown with Prestwick,” Ayrshire Directory, 1837, by Pigot & Co.,
http://www.ayrshireroots.com/Towns/Ayr/Ayr%201837.htm
.

22
Rob Close,
Ayrshire and Arran: An Illustrated Architectural Guide
(Edinburgh: Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland, 1992), 22.

23
South Ayrshire Council, “County Buildings,”
http://www.south-ayrshire.gov.uk/maps/countybuildings/
.

24
Scottish Record Office, Reference JC26/671.

25
Donald A. Low,
The Regency Underworld
(Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing, 2005), 68.

26
Corder,
Life of Elizabeth Fry
, 301.

27
Scottish Record Office, Reference JC26/671.

28
Ibid.

29
Ibid.

30
Ibid.

31
Lennox, Lord William Pitt,
Coaching, with Anecdotes of the Road
(London: Hurst & Blackett, Publishers, 1876), 94.

32
Tony Rayner,
Female Factory, Female Convicts
(Dover, Australia: Esperance Press, 2004), 34.

33
Michael Paterson,
Voices from Dickens’ London
(Cincinnati, OH: David & Charles, 2007), 255.

Chapter 3: The Angel of Newgate

1
John Kent,
Elizabeth Fry
(London: B. T. Batsford, 1962), 99-100.

2
Janet Whitney,
Elizabeth Fry
(London: Guild Books, 1947), 135.

3
Ibid.

4
Ibid.

5
Ibid.

6
Susanna Corder,
Life of Elizabeth Fry: Compiled from Her Journal, as Edited by Her Daughters, and from Various Other Sources
(Philadelphia: Henry Longstreth, 1853), 244.

7
Whitney,
Elizabeth Fry
, 110.

8
Stephen Halliday,
Newgate: London’s Prototype of Hell
(Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing, 2007), v.

9
Georgina King Lewis,
Elizabeth Fry
(London: Headley Brothers, 1912), 102.

10
Corder,
Life of Elizabeth Fry
, 289.

11
Memoir of the Life of Elizabeth Fry, with Extracts from her Journal and Letters, Edited by Two of her Daughters, Vol. I
(Philadelphia: J. W. Moore, 1847), 225.

12
Corder,
Life of Elizabeth Fry
, 238.

13
Whitney,
Elizabeth Fry
, 178.

14
J. C. Long,
George III: The Story of a Complex Man
(New York: Little, Brown, 1960), 96.

15
Whitney,
Elizabeth Fry
, 179.

16
Clive Emsley,
Crime and Society in England, 1750-1900
(Harlow, UK: Pearson Education, 2005), 74-75.

17
Nicolas Bentley,
The Victorian Scene
(London: G. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968), 105.

18
Whitney,
Elizabeth Fry
, 178.

19
Ibid.

20
Ibid.

21
Ibid.

22
Memoir of the Life of Elizabeth Fry
, 327.

23
Corder,
Life of Elizabeth Fry
, 262.

24
Memoir of the Life of Elizabeth Fry
, 327.

25
Abraham Harvey, 2nd Officer, “Reminiscences of the Voyage of the
Garland Grove 2
,” Archives of Tasmania, NS816.

Chapter 4: Sweet Sixteen

1
Stephen Halliday,
Newgate: London’s Prototype of Hell
(Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing, 2007), 238.

2
Kay Daniels,
Convict Women
(Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1998), 81.

3
Jean Hatton,
Betsy: The Dramatic Biography of Prison Reformer Elizabeth Fry
(Oxford, UK: Monarch Books, 2005), 272.

4
Bernard O’Donnell,
The Old Bailey and Its Trials
(London: Clerke & Cockeran Publishers Limited, 1950), 136.

5
Ibid.

6
Halliday,
Newgate
, 239.

7
John Kent,
Elizabeth Fry
(London: B. T. Batsford, 1962), 125.

8
Halliday,
Newgate
, 59.

9
Arthur Griffiths,
The Chronicles of Newgate
(New York: Dorset Press, 1987), 412.

10
Ibid., 105.

11
Philip Priestley,
Victorian Prison Lives
(London: Methuen, 1985), 5.

12
Frank Lewis, “The Cost of Convict Transportation: Britain to Australia, 1796-1810,”
Economic History Review
, Series 2, Vol. 41, No. 4 (1988), 521.

13
Dennis Bardens,
Elizabeth Fry: Britain’s Second Lady on the Five-Pound Note
(London: Chanadon Publications, 2004), 55.

14
Description List: Agnes McMillan, Archives of Tasmania, CON 19/1/14, 438.

15
Charles Bateson,
The Convict Ships, 1787-1868
(North Sydney: Library of Australian History, 1985), 65.

16
Abraham Harvey, 2nd Officer, “Reminiscences of the Voyage of the
Garland Grove 2
,” Archives of Tasmania, NS816.

17
Bateson,
The Convict Ships, 1787-1868
, 66.

18
Ibid., 66.

19
James Ellis, Surgeon Superintendent, “Surgeon’s Report
Westmoreland
,” AJCP ADM 101/74, Archives of Tasmania, Reel 3212.

20
Phillip Tardif,
Notorious Strumpets and Dangerous Girls
(North Ryde, Australia: Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1990), 12.

21
William H. Render,
Through Prison Bars: The Lives and Labours of John Howard & Elizabeth Fry
(London: S. W. Partridge, 1894), 110.

22
Conduct Record, Agnes McMillan, Archives of Tasmania, CON 40/1/8, 9; Conduct Record, Janet Houston, Archives of Tasmania, CON 40/1/6, 9.

23
Elizabeth Fry,
Observations on the Visiting, Superintendence, and Government of Female Prisoners
(London: John & Arthur Arch, 1827), 37-38; Tony Rayner,
Female Factory, Female Convicts
(Dover, Australia: Esperance Press, 2004), 47.

24
J. R. Roberts, Surgeon Superintendent, “Journal of His Majesty’s Convict Ship
Royal Admiral
, between the 23rd day of February, 1842 and 14th day of October, 1842,” transcription courtesy of Port Arthur Historic Site for Female Factory Research Group.

25
Allan M. Grocott,
Convicts, Clergymen and Churches: Attitudes of Convicts and Ex-Convicts towards the Churches and Clergy in New South Wales from 1788 to 1851
(Sydney: Sydney University Press, 1980), 56.

26
“Convict Maid,” Australian Folk Songs, from Butterss & Webby,
Penguin Book of Australian Ballads
,
http://folkstream.com/026.html
.

27
Ellis, “Surgeon’s Report
Westmoreland
.”

28
Frank Murcot Bladen, ed., “Letter from a Female Convict, 29th March 1791,”
Historical Records of New South Wales, Vol. 2
(Sydney: Charles Potter, Government Printer, 1893), 779.

29
Bateson,
The Convict Ships, 1787-1868
, 250.

30
Ellis, “Surgeon’s Report
Westmoreland
.”

31
Conduct Record, Agnes McMillan, Archives of Tasmania, CON 40/1/8, 9.

32
Ibid.

33
Conduct Record, Janet Houston, Archives of Tasmania, CON 40/1/6, 9.

34
Bateson,
The Convict Ships, 1787-1868
, 76.

35
Ibid.

36
Ellis, “Surgeon’s Report
Westmoreland
.”

37
Harvey, “Reminiscences.”

38
Ellis, “Surgeon’s Report
Westmoreland
.”

39
Ibid.

40
Hyland, Jeanette E.,
Maids, Masters and Magistrates
(Blackmans Bay, Australia: Clan Hogarth Publishing, 2007), 15.

Chapter 5: More Sinned Against Than Sinning

1
Hobart Town Courier
, “Trade and Shipping,” Friday, 9 December 1836, 3.

2
James Ellis, Surgeon Superintendent, “Surgeon’s Report
Westmoreland
,” AJCP ADM 101/74, Archives of Tasmania, Reel 3212.

3
Linus W. Miller,
Notes of an Exile to Van Diemen’s Land
(New York: Johnson Reprint Corporation, 1968; first published in 1846), 260.

4
Margaret C. Dillon, “Convict Labour and Colonial Society in the Campbell Town Police District: 1820-1839,” unpublished doctoral thesis (University of Tasmania, 2008), 179.

5
Description List: Janet Houston, Archives of Tasmania, CON 19/1/14, 415.

6
Hobart Town Courier
, Friday, 23 December 1836, 2.

7
Charles Wooley and Michael Tatlow,
A Walk in Old Hobart
(Walk Guides Australia, 2007), 4.

8
John West,
The History of Tasmania
(London: Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1971; first published in 1852), 342.

9
Alan Villiers,
Vanished Fleets
(Oxford, UK: Scribner’s, 1974), 145-146.

10
Phillip Tardif,
Notorious Strumpets and Dangerous Girls
(North Ryde, Australia: Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1990), 18.

11
West,
The History of Tasmania
, 47.

12
Peter Bolger,
Hobart Town
(Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1973), 17.

13
Ibid., 60.

14
Ibid., 36.

15
Sir William Molesworth,
Report from the Select Committee of the House of Commons on Transportation; Together with a Letter from the Archbishop of Dublin on the Same Subject, and Notes by Sir William Molesworth, Bart., Chairman of the Committee 1838
(Adelaide: Libraries Board of South Australia, 1967), 36.

16
Colonial Times
(Hobart, Australia), Friday, 23 March 1827, 4.

17
Kay Daniels,
Convict Women
(Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1998), 86.

18
Henry Melville,
The History of Van Diemen’s Land
(Sydney: Horwitz-Grahame, 1965), 161.

19
Bolger,
Hobart Town
, 59.

20
Hyland, Jeanette E.,
Maids, Masters and Magistrates
(Blackmans Bay, Australia: Clan Hogarth Publishing, 2007), 24.

21
Wooley and Tatlow,
A Walk in Old Hobart
, 82.

22
Hyland,
Maids, Masters and Magistrates
, 24.

23
Joy Damousi,
Depraved and Disorderly: Female Convicts, Sexuality and Gender in Colonial Australia
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 51.

24
Hobart Town Courier
, “Rules and Regulations,” Saturday, 10 October 1829, 4.

25
Ibid.

26
Ibid.

27
Ibid.

28
Hyland,
Maids, Masters and Magistrates
, 126.

29
Hobart Town Courier
, Friday, 30 December 1836, 2.

30
Hobart Town Courier
, Friday, 13 January 1837, 2.

31
Miller,
Notes of an Exile to Van Diemen’s Land
, 266-267.

32
Frances J. Woodward,
Portrait of Jane: A Life of Lady Franklin
(London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1951), 143.

33
Thomas Timpson,
Memoirs of Mrs. Elizabeth Fry
(Elibron Classics; first published in 1847), 150.

34
Ibid., 158.

35
Conduct Record, Agnes McMillan, Archives of Tasmania, CON 40/1/8, 9.

36
Ibid.

37
West,
The History of Tasmania
, 254.

38
Conduct Record, Ellen Scott, Archives of Tasmania, CON 40/1/9.

39
Damousi,
Depraved and Disorderly
, 59.

40
Miller,
Notes of an Exile to Van Diemen’s Land
, 262.

41
Colonial Times
(Hobart, Australia), Tuesday, 10 March 1840, 4.

42
Daniels,
Convict Women
, 140.

43
Damousi,
Depraved and Disorderly
, 61.

44
Conduct Record, Agnes McMillan, Archives of Tasmania, CON 40/1/8, 9.