The Train to Crystal City: FDR's Secret Prisoner Exchange (52 page)

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Sei Dyo

Miyo Eshita

Betty Fly

Cheiko Kamisatu

Stogie Kanogawa

Hide Kasai

Lucy Lunz

Carmen Higa Mochizuki

Roy Muraoka

Alice Nishimoto

Derick Shimatsu

Sumi Utsushigawa Shimatsu

Toni Tomita

S. Yamaguchi

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George Ferris, guard, 1979

John Schmitz, 2007

R. C. Tate, superintendent of the camp’s schools, 1979

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Yae Aihara, Los Angeles

Ejii Ayabe, San Francisco

Ruth Becker, Charlotte, North Carolina

Irene Hasenberg Butter, Ann Arbor, Michigan

Michael Camarillo, Crystal City

Arthur Contag, Quito, Ecuador

Suzanne Wright Crain, San Antonio, Texas

Karen Ebel, New London, New Hampshire

Ensi Eiserloh, Anaheim, California

Ingrid Eiserloh, Honolulu

Lothar Eiserloh, Honolulu and San Francisco

Eberhard Fuhr, Chicago

Rose and Tetsuro Fujii, Sebastopol, California

Koichi Fukuda, San Francisco

Nob Fukuda, San Francisco

Saburo Fukuda, San Francisco

Paul Grayber, Bend, Oregon

Jose Angel Gutierrez, Arlington, Texas

J. Barton Harrison, Rosemont, Pennsylvania

Arthur Jacobs, Tempe, Arizona

Lori Lechner Johnston, Sedona, Arizona

Reverend Masato Kawahatsu, San Francisco

Suzy Lechner Kvammen, Newport Beach, California

Heidi Kolb Leszczynski, Frankfurt, Germany

Bernard Levermann, Euless, Texas

Charles McCollister, Simi Valley, California

Carmen Higa Mochizuki, Los Angeles and Las Vegas

Roy Muraoka, Chula Vista, California

Tony “Kaz” Naganuma, San Francisco

Alice Nishimoto, Las Vegas

Mas Okabe, Las Vegas

Sid Okazaki, Los Angeles and Las Vegas

Zeke Romero, Crystal City

Peter Sakai, San Antonio, Texas

Richard Santos, Crystal City

Sumi Utsushigawa Shimatsu, Los Angeles and Las Vegas

Pam Smith, Philadelphia

Min Tajii, Las Vegas

Ben Takeuchi, Las Vegas

Evan Taniguchi, Austin

Joanne Tolosa, San Francisco

Ella Tomita, Honolulu

Toni Tomita, Los Angeles and Las Vegas

Sigrid Banzhaf Toye, Santa Barbara, California

Reverend Alfred Tsuyuki, Los Angeles

Werner Ulrich, Mt. Sinai, New York

Johanna Wartermann Howell, Garland, Texas

Al Wohlpart, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Jacob Wolf, New York City

Alien Enemy Detention Facility.
Crystal City, Texas. 16 mm black-and-white camp film.

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Arthouse Films, 2003.

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442: Live with Honor, Die with Dignity.
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Crystal City Internment Camp, 1945.
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Jewish Virtual Library.
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National Archives.
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Pearl Harbor Casualty List.
http://www.usswestvirginia.org/ph/phlist.php

US Holocaust Memorial Museum.
http://www.ushmm.org

Akiyama, “Porky,”
238

Algiers, Louisiana, internment camp,
96
,
116

Alien and Sedition Acts,
77
,
262

Alien Enemies Act,
311

Alien Registration Act (1940),
47
–50,
51
,
52

Alien Registration Division, Justice Department,
48
–50,
51
–52

American citizens

children of internees as,
137
–38,
151
,
169
,
170
,
295
,
296
,
298

exchanges of internees for,
64
–65,
88
,
96
,
102
,
112
,
122

as prisoners of war (POWs),
123
,
124
,
142
,
165
,
194
–95,
323
–24,
184
–85,
194
,
209
,
228
,
242
,
323
–24

American School, Crystal City camp, Texas.
See
Federal School

American Youth Congress,
27

Asian Exclusion Act (1924),
13

Auschwitz concentration camp, Poland,
197
,
199
,
206
,
207
,
227
,
231

Austin, Stephen F.,
36

Barnard, Bern,
241
,
242

Becker, Ruth,
192
,
195

Belasco, Edward,
13
,
14

Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, Germany,
197
–202,
207
–08,
264
,
265
,
266
–70,
274
,
285
,
288
,
329

Biddle, Francis

alien registration and,
47
–48,
52

as attorney general,
7
,
29
–30