The Triumph of Seeds (42 page)

Balanites,
186

Barley,
21–22
,
27–28
,
35

Basil seeds,
100
,
101 (fig.)

Baskin, Carol (scientist),
9–12
,
15
,
18
,
90–93
,
109
,
214

Baskin, Jerry (scientist),
9–10
,
15
,
92

Bateson, William (geneticist),
96

Bats,
179–181
,
187
,
189

Beak of the Finch
(Weiner),
124

Beal, William James (scientist),
94–95

Beer,
39
,
151

Beer soup,
151

Bell peppers,
133

Bellflower,
215

Berry, Edward Wilbur (paleontologist),
55

Bewley, Derek (botanist),
44–46
,
49
,
98
,
173
,
198

Bill Jump (pea variety),
79–80
,
122

Bioterror weapon, ricin as,
167

Birds

dispersal by,
139
,
141
,
201

fruit-eating,
189

seed predators,
123–125

Bishop’s flower,
170

Bitterbark,
186

Black Death,
30–31

Black pepper,
131
,
133–134
,
138

Blackbean,
170

Blueberries,
188
,
191

Bolivia, chiles of,
136
,
138

Bonaparte, Napoleon (French emperor),
154

Bracken fern,
65

Bragg, William Lawrence (physicist),
46

Breads,
22

Brine shrimp,
99–100
,
100 (photo)

British East India Company,
203

Browning, Robert (poet),
113

Brunsfeld, Steve (scientist),
170–172

Burn receptors, targeting of,
140

Burroughs, John (writer),
179

Cacao bean,
40–41
,
147

Caffeine,
146–150

additive to drinks,
155

brain/nervous system effects of,
149–150

decaf coffee,
160

evolution of,
147–149

in flowers/nectar,
148–149

germination inhibition by,
14
,
148

as pesticide/herbicide,
147–148

tech-driven economy and,
155

Calabar bean,
165
,
170

Calamites,
57–58
,
58 (photo)

Calico,
203

Canadian fleabane,
200

Canary grass,
27

Cancer treatments,
168
,
172

Canna lily,
88

Canola oil,
45

Capsaicin,
136–142
,
173

Carboniferous Period,
51–52
,
55–64
,
59 (fig.)
,
187

Carboniferous/Permian Transition,
56

Carob,
51

Carpel,
67

Carroll, Lewis (author),
161
,
168

Caryopsis,
33 (fig.)

Cassia,
51

Castor beans,
165–168

ant attraction,
174
,
184

dispersal of,
173–174

PGPR (polyglycerol polyricinoleate),
48

ricin in,
165–168
,
170
,
172–174

seed illustration,
166 (fig.)

Castrol,
165

Cedar Waxwings,
190

Cell division, caffeine affect on,
14

Cell expansion,
13–15

Cellulose,
25

Charlemagne (king),
131

Charles (Prince of Wales; Duke of Cornwall),
131

Chemical defense, capsaicin as,
136–139

Cherries,
190

Chickpeas,
28
,
37

Chigua,
67

Chili peppers,
133–142
,
135 (fig.)
,
173

Chimpanzees, diet of,
25–26
,
169

China

cotton in,
202

Mao Zedong (chairman),
142

millet in,
75

rice in,
22
,
36

Chiropterochory,
187

Chocolate,
39–41

Cinnamon,
132
,
134

Civet,
190–191

Civil War, American,
205

Civilization(s), grasses/grains linked to,
22
,
29

Climate change,
102

Cloves,
131–132
,
134

Club moss,
57
,
60

Coal,
51–52
,
57
,
59–62
,
59 (fig)
,
65

Coal bed,
56–57
,
58 (photo)

Coal mine,
52
,
55–57

Cocoa butter,
40

Coconut,
39–43
,
42

Coconut milk,
43

Coconut oil,
43

Coconut water,
42–43

Coevolution,
69
,
115
,
137–138

Coffee,
157 (fig.)

de Clieu and,
144–146
,
145 (fig.)
,
155

decaf,
160

European transition from beer to,
151–152

health effects of,
152

social/cultural role of,
152–154

stimulatory effect of,
150–152
,
155–156

trade in,
146

See also
Caffeine

Coffee beans,
14
,
143–160
,
190–191

Coffeehouses,
152–160

Coins,
29
,
30 (fig.)
,
85

Columbia River,
35–36

Columbus, Christopher (explorer),
128–134
,
130 (fig.)
,
184
,
195
,
202
,
204

Complete proteins,
37–38

Conifers,
57
,
59
,
62
,
67
,
188

Cooking, as critical innovation,
26

Cooking-ape theory,
26–27

Copra,
42–43

Coral bean,
167

Corn,
21–22

Corn syrup,
40

Cotton,
194–205
,
195 (fig.)
,
197 (fig.)
,
209
,
212